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1 in-process size control
1) Техника: активный контроль размеров2) Автоматика: активный контроль размера (детали)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in-process size control
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2 in-process size control
English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > in-process size control
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3 in-process size diameters control
Автоматика: широкодиапазонный активный контроль ступеней (вала)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in-process size diameters control
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4 in-process size diameters control
English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > in-process size diameters control
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5 control
1) управление; регулирование || управлять; регулировать2) контроль || контролировать3) управляющее устройство; устройство управления; регулятор4) профессиональное мастерство, квалификация, техническая квалификация5) pl органы управления•"in control" — "в поле допуска" ( о результатах измерения)
to control closed loop — управлять в замкнутой системе; регулировать в замкнутой системе
- 2-handed controlsto control open loop — управлять в разомкнутой системе; регулировать в разомкнутой системе
- 32-bit CPU control
- acceptance control
- access control
- acknowledge control
- active process control
- adaptable control
- adaptive constraint control
- adaptive control for optimization
- adaptive control
- adaptive feed rate control
- adaptive quality control
- adjustable feed control
- adjustable rotary control
- adjustable speed control
- adjusting control
- adjustment control
- AI control
- air logic control
- analog data distribution and control
- analogical control
- analytical control
- application control
- arrows-on-curves control
- autodepth control
- autofeed control
- automated control of a document management system
- automated technical control
- automatic backlash control
- automatic control
- automatic editing control
- automatic gain control
- automatic gripper control
- automatic level control
- automatic process closed loop control
- automatic remote control
- automatic sensitivity control
- automatic sequence control
- automatic speed control
- automatic stability controls
- auxiliaries control
- balanced controls
- band width control
- bang-bang control
- bang-bang-off control
- basic CNC control
- batch control
- bibliographic control
- bin level control
- boost control
- built-in control
- button control
- cam control
- cam throttle control
- camshaft control
- carriage control
- Cartesian path control
- Cartesian space control
- cascade control
- C-axis spindle control
- cell control
- center control
- central control
- central supervisory control
- centralized control
- centralized electronic control
- central-station control
- changeover control
- chip control
- circumferential register control
- close control
- closed cycle control
- closed loop control
- closed loop machine control
- closed loop manual control
- closed loop numerical control
- closed loop position control
- clutch control
- CNC control
- CNC indexer control
- CNC programmable control
- CNC symbolic conversational control
- CNC/CRT control
- CNC/MDI control
- coarse control
- coded current control
- coded current remote control
- color control
- combination control
- command-line control
- compensatory control
- composition control
- compound control
- computed-current control
- computed-torque control
- computer control
- computer numerical control
- computer process control
- computer-aided measurement and control
- computer-integrated manufacturing control
- computerized control
- computerized numerical control
- computerized process control
- constant surface speed control
- constant value control
- contactless control
- contact-sensing control
- contamination control
- continuous control
- continuous path control
- continuous process control
- contour profile control
- contouring control
- conventional hardware control
- conventional numerical control
- conventional tape control
- convergent control
- conversational control
- conversational MDI control
- coordinate positioning control
- coordinate programmable control
- copymill control
- counter control
- crossed controls
- current control
- cycle control
- dash control
- data link control
- data storage control
- deadman's handle controls
- depth control
- derivative control
- dial-in control
- differential control
- differential gaging control
- differential gain control
- differential temperature control
- digital brushless servo control
- digital control
- digital position control
- digital readout controls
- dimensional control
- direct computer control
- direct control
- direct digital control
- direct numerical control
- direction control
- directional control
- dirt control
- discontinuous control
- discrete control
- discrete event control
- discrete logic controls
- dispatching control
- displacement control
- distance control
- distant control
- distributed control
- distributed numerical control
- distributed zone control
- distribution control
- dog control
- drum control
- dual control
- dual-mode control
- duplex control
- dust control
- dynamic control
- eccentric control
- edge position control
- EDP control
- electrical control
- electrofluidic control
- electromagnetic control
- electronic control
- electronic level control
- electronic speed control
- electronic swivel control
- elevating control
- emergency control
- end-point control
- engineering change control
- engineering control
- entity control
- environmental control
- error control
- error plus error-rate control
- error-free control
- external beam control
- factory-floor control
- false control
- feed control
- feed drive controls
- feedback control
- feed-forward control
- field control
- fine control
- finger-tip control
- firm-wired numerical control
- fixed control
- fixed-feature control
- fixture-and-tool control
- flexible-body control
- floating control
- flow control
- fluid flow control
- follow-up control
- foot pedal control
- force adaptive control
- forecasting compensatory control
- fork control
- four quadrant control
- freely programmable CNC control
- frequency control
- FROG control
- full computer control
- full order control
- full spindle control
- gage measurement control
- gain control
- ganged control
- gap control
- gear control
- generative numerical control
- generic path control
- geometric adaptive control
- graphic numerical control
- group control
- grouped control
- guidance control
- hairbreath control
- hand control
- hand feed control
- hand wheel control
- hand-held controls
- handle-type control
- hand-operated controls
- hardened computer control
- hardwared control
- hardwared numerical control
- heating control
- heterarchical control
- hierarchical control
- high-integrity control
- high-level robot control
- high-low control
- high-low level control
- high-technology control
- horizontal directional control
- humidity control
- hybrid control
- hydraulic control
- I/O control
- immediate postprocess control
- inching control
- in-cycle control
- independent control
- indexer control
- indirect control
- individual control
- industrial processing control
- industrial-style controls
- infinite control
- infinite speed control
- in-process control
- in-process size control
- in-process size diameters control
- input/output control
- integral CNC control
- integral control
- integrated control
- intelligent control
- interacting control
- interconnected controls
- interlinking control
- inventory control
- job control
- jogging control
- joint control
- joystick control
- just-in-time control
- language-based control
- laser health hazards control
- latching control
- lead control
- learning control
- lever control
- lever-operated control
- line motion control
- linear control
- linear path control
- linearity control
- load control
- load-frequency control
- local control
- local-area control
- logic control
- lubricating oil level control
- machine control
- machine programming control
- machine shop control
- macro control
- magnetic control
- magnetic tape control
- main computer control
- malfunction control
- management control
- manual control
- manual data input control
- manual stop control
- manually actuatable controls
- manufacturing change control
- manufacturing control
- master control
- material flow control
- MDI control
- measured response control
- mechanical control
- memory NC control
- memory-type control
- metering control
- metrological control of production field
- microbased control
- microcomputer CNC control
- microcomputer numerical control
- microcomputer-based sequence control
- microprocessor control
- microprocessor numerical control
- microprogrammed control
- microprogramming control
- milling control
- model reference adaptive control
- model-based control
- moisture control
- motion control
- motor control
- motor speed control
- mouse-driven control
- movable control
- multicircuit control
- multidiameter control
- multilevel control
- multimachine tool control
- multiple control
- multiple-processor control
- multiposition control
- multistep control
- multivariable control
- narrow-band proportional control
- navigation control
- NC control
- neural network adaptive control
- noise control
- noncorresponding control
- noninteracting control
- noninterfacing control
- nonreversable control
- nonsimultaneous control
- numerical contouring control
- numerical control
- numerical program control
- odd control
- off-line control
- oligarchical control
- on-board control
- one-axis point-to-point control
- one-dimensional point-to-point control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open loop control
- open loop manual control
- open loop numerical control
- open-architecture control
- operating control
- operational control
- operator control
- optical pattern tracing control
- optimal control
- optimalizing control
- optimizing control
- oral numerical control
- organoleptic control
- overall control
- overheat control
- override control
- p. b. control
- palm control
- parameter adaptive control
- parameter adjustment control
- partial d.o.f. control
- path control
- pattern control
- pattern tracing control
- PC control
- PC-based control
- peg board control
- pendant control
- pendant-actuated control
- pendant-mounted control
- performance control
- photoelectric control
- physical alignment control
- PIC control
- PID control
- plugboard control
- plug-in control
- pneumatic control
- point-to-point control
- pose-to-pose control
- position/contouring numerical control
- position/force control
- positional control
- positioning control
- positive control
- postprocess quality control
- power adaptive control
- power control
- power feed control
- power-assisted control
- powered control
- power-operated control
- precision control
- predictor control
- preselective control
- preset control
- presetting control
- pressbutton control
- pressure control
- preview control
- process control
- process quality control
- production activity control
- production control
- production result control
- programmable adaptive control
- programmable cam control
- programmable control
- programmable logic adaptive control
- programmable logic control
- programmable machine control
- programmable microprocessor control
- programmable numerical control
- programmable sequence control
- proportional plus derivative control
- proportional plus floating control
- proportional plus integral control
- prototype control
- pulse control
- pulse duration control
- punched-tape control
- purpose-built control
- pushbutton control
- quality control
- radio remote control
- radium control
- rail-elevating control
- ram stroke control
- ram-positioning control
- rapid-traverse controls for the heads
- rate control
- ratio control
- reactive control
- real-time control
- reduced-order control
- register control
- registration control
- relay control
- relay-contactor control
- remote control
- remote program control
- remote switching control
- remote valve control
- remote-dispatch control
- resistance control
- resolved motion rate control
- retarded control
- reversal control
- revolution control
- rigid-body control
- robot control
- robot perimeter control
- robot teach control
- rod control
- safety control
- sampled-data control
- sampling control
- schedule control
- SCR's control
- second derivative control
- selective control
- selectivity control
- self-acting control
- self-adaptive control
- self-adjusting control
- self-aligning control
- self-operated control
- self-optimizing control
- self-programming microprocessor control
- semi-automatic control
- sensitivity control
- sensor-based control
- sequence control
- sequence-type control
- sequential control
- series-parallel control
- servo control
- servo speed control
- servomotor control
- servo-operated control
- set value control
- shaft speed control
- shape control
- shift control
- shop control
- shower and high-pressure oil temperature control
- shut off control
- sight control
- sign control
- single variable control
- single-flank control
- single-lever control
- size control
- slide control
- smooth control
- software-based NC control
- softwared numerical control
- solid-state logic control
- space-follow-up control
- speed control
- stabilizing control
- stable control
- standalone control
- start controls
- static control
- station control
- statistical quality control
- steering control
- step-by-step control
- stepless control
- stepped control
- stick control
- stock control
- stop controls
- stop-point control
- storage assignment control
- straight cut control
- straight line control
- stroke control
- stroke length control
- supervisor production control
- supervisory control
- swarf control
- switch control
- symbolic control
- synchronous data link control
- table control
- tap-depth controls
- tape control
- tape loop control
- teach controls
- temperature control
- temperature-humidity air control
- template control
- tension control
- test control
- thermal control
- thermostatic control
- three-axis contouring control
- three-axis point-to-point control
- three-axis tape control
- three-mode control
- three-position control
- throttle control
- thumbwheel control
- time control
- time cycle control
- time optimal control
- time variable control
- time-critical control
- time-proportional control
- timing control
- token-passing access control
- tool life control
- tool run-time control
- torque control
- total quality control
- touch-panel NC control
- touch-screen control
- tracer control
- tracer numerical control
- trajectory control
- triac control
- trip-dog control
- TRS/rate control
- tuning control
- turnstile control
- two-axis contouring control
- two-axis point-to-point control
- two-dimension control
- two-hand controls
- two-position control
- two-position differential gap control
- two-step control
- undamped control
- user-adjustable override controls
- user-programmable NC control
- variable flow control
- variable speed control
- variety control
- varying voltage control
- velocity-based look-ahead control
- vise control
- vision responsive control
- visual control
- vocabulary control
- vocal CNC control
- vocal numerical control
- voltage control
- warehouse control
- washdown control
- water-supply control
- welding control
- wheel control
- wide-band control
- zero set control
- zoned track controlEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > control
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6 control
1) управление; регулирование; регулировка || управлять; регулировать; задавать2) контроль; проверка || контролировать; проверять3) орган управления; орган регулировки, регулятор; орган настройки4) устройство управления; блок управления6) рукоятка или рычаг управления7) профилактические мероприятия, надзор•"operation is under control" — всё предусмотрено для нормальной работы;to gain control — вчт. получать управление:to go out of control — становиться неуправляемым;to operate ( to handle) the flight controls — оперировать органами управления полётом;to pass control — вчт. передавать управление;to return control — вчт. возвращать управление;to take over control — брать управление на себя;to transfer control — вчт. передавать управление-
cascaded control-
cathode control-
CO/O2 combustion control-
communications control-
computer control-
contactor-type control-
continuous-path control-
course gage control-
current-mode control-
dispatcher control-
focusing control-
holding control-
horizontal-frequency control-
hue range control-
long-distance control-
managerial control-
microprogramming control-
numerical program control-
on-off action control-
position-based control-
slide control-
step-by-step control-
time-pattern control -
7 control
1) управление; регулирование || управлять; регулировать2) контроль || контролировать || контрольный3) устройство [орган] управления4) управление, управляющее воздействие5) управляющий элемент, элемент управления (см. OLE control, ActiveX control)•- accuracy control
- address boundary control
- advanced sacked job control
- analog stop control
- anticipatory control
- bang-bang control
- beam control
- bilateral control
- blanking control
- brightness control
- built-in control
- carriage control
- casual control
- channel control
- closed cycle control
- closed loop control
- communications control
- compensator control
- computed path control
- concurrency control
- concurrent-operations control
- congestion control
- contrast control
- coordinated control
- coprocessor control
- cursor control
- dash control
- data-initiated control
- data-path control
- deadbeat adaptive control
- defined limit control
- demand-limit control
- derivative control
- differential control
- digital control
- direct control
- direct digital control
- discontinuous control
- distributed control
- distribution control
- drive control
- dual-mode control
- dynamic control
- encoded control
- end-to-end-flow control
- exclusive control
- expert control
- extracode control
- feed control
- feedback control
- feedforward control
- fine control
- finger-tip control
- floating control
- flow control
- format control
- framing control
- frequency-shaped control
- front panel control
- graphic attention control
- graphic numerical control
- hierarchical control
- hop-by-hop flow control
- H-position control
- H-size control
- I/O control
- implemental plotter control
- independent control
- indirect control
- industrial process control
- industrial control
- inference control
- inferential control
- input/output control
- integral control
- integrated control
- intelligent control
- interacting control
- interactive control
- intermittent control
- interrupt control
- interrupt-driven control
- job flow control
- job-processing control
- keyboard control
- light pen control
- link control
- local control
- logical control
- loop control
- magnetic-tape control
- main control
- manual control
- master control
- memory control
- memory stored control
- microprogramming control
- model reference adaptive control
- model-following control
- modulo N control
- multicircuit control
- multilevel control
- multipath control
- multiple-loop control
- multiprogramming control
- multivariable control
- multivariate control
- noncorresponding control
- numerical control
- numeric control
- off-line control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open-loop control
- operating control
- optimizing control
- orthotronic error control
- parameter adaptive control
- pass control
- path control
- pen control
- peripheral control
- plugged control
- point-to-point control
- position control
- power control
- priority control
- process control
- production control
- production yield control
- program control
- program execution control
- programmed control
- programmed numerical control
- proportional control
- proportional-plus-floating control
- protocol control
- pulse control
- push-button control
- ramp control
- rate control
- ratio control
- reaction control
- real-time control
- reflex-based control
- regulatory control
- remote control
- replica control
- resource-sharing control
- retarded control
- retort control
- ringing control
- robotics control
- rudimentary automatic control
- self-acting control
- self-operated control
- sensitivity control
- sensor-based control
- sensor control
- sequence control
- sequential control
- sequential stacked job control
- servo control
- servo-operated control
- shared control
- side pin control
- sight control
- sign control
- single-loop control
- slide control
- split-cycle control
- stacked job control
- stacker select control
- statistical control
- statistic control
- step control
- step-by-step control
- stepless control
- stock control
- supervisory control
- symbiont control
- syntactic control
- task control
- terminal control
- termination control
- time-variable control
- timing control
- traffic control
- transaction control
- tree-structured control
- tri-state control
- uncoordinated control
- up-down control
- upsetting control
- version control
- voice control
- V-position control
- V-size control
- widow and orphan controlEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > control
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8 control
1) управление; регулирование, регулировка || управлять; регулировать2) орган управления; регулятор; орган настройки3) система управления; система регулирования4) pl средства управления; средства регулирования5) контроль; проверка || контролировать; проверять6) система контроля; система проверки7) pl средства контроля; средства проверки8) pl методы контроля; рычаги управления9) вчт контроллер10) pl вчт методы управления данными и контроля данных в процессе обработки11) pl вчт позиции управления экранного меню12) управляющий провод ( криотрона)•- access controlcontrol during material — регулирование ( уровня громкости) во время передачи сигнала
- ActiveX control - airport radar control
- air-traffic control
- amplitude balance control
- ANSI screen control
- antenna position control
- anticipatory control
- anticlutter gain control
- approach control
- armature voltage control
- artistic effect control
- astatic control
- attitude control
- audible control
- audio-fidelity control
- audio volume control
- automatic control
- automatic background control
- automatic bandwidth control
- automatic bias control
- automatic brightness control
- automatic chroma control
- automatic chrominance control
- automatic color control
- automatic contrast control
- automatic fine-tuning control
- automatic flight control
- automatic frequency control - automatic light control
- automatic load control
- automatic modulation control - automatic phase control
- automatic picture control
- automatic range control
- automatic recording level control
- automatic remote control
- automatic selectivity control
- automatic sensitivity control
- automatic tint control
- automatic voltage control
- automatic volume -control
- automatic volume expansion control - balance control
- bandspread tuning control
- bang-bang control
- bass control
- beam-rider control
- bilateral control
- black level control
- blue-gain control
- breath control
- brightness control
- brilliance control
- bumped phase control
- camera control
- carrier-current control
- Cartesian control
- cascade control
- centering control
- charge control
- chroma control
- chromaticity control
- chrominance-gain control
- closed-loop control
- coarse control
- color-saturation control
- command control
- compensated volume control
- computer control - computerized numerical control
- concurrency control
- concurrency control and recovery
- continuity control
- continuous control
- continuous feedback control
- contouring control
- contrast control
- convergence control
- convergence phase control
- counter control
- crystal control
- cue control
- cursor control
- cybernetic control
- data acquisition control
- data-link control
- data recording control
- dc motor control
- delayed automatic volume control
- depth control
- derivative control
- differential gain control
- digital control
- digital remote control
- direct digital control
- directional control
- direct manual control - distribution control
- domain-wall state control
- dramatic effect control
- drive control
- dual control
- dynamic astigmatism control
- dynamic contrast control
- echo duration control
- echo return control
- echo tone control
- electrical control
- electronic control
- electronic motor control
- embedded control
- end-point control
- end-to-end control
- environmental control
- error control
- external control
- fail-safe control - feedback tone control
- feedforward control
- field-effect conductivity control
- field linearity control
- fine-tuning control
- finite control - focus control
- focusing control
- follow-up control
- foot control
- forms control - framing control
- frequency control - front-panel control
- full-wave control
- fuzzy control
- gain control
- gain-sensitivity control
- gain-time control
- ganged volume control - global control
- green-gain control
- grid control
- ground control
- guidance control
- half-wave control
- hardware error control
- height control
- hierarchical control
- hierarchically intelligent control - high-level data-link control
- hold control
- holding control
- homing control
- horizontal-amplitude control
- horizontal centering control
- horizontal convergence control
- horizontal drive control
- horizontal hold control
- horizontal-linearity control
- horizontal parabola control
- hue control
- illumination control
- independent control
- inertial control
- infinitely fast control
- infinity control
- in-process control - intelligent control
- intensity control
- interface-shape control
- interference control
- intermediate control
- intermittent control
- internal control
- interrupt control
- inventory control - keyboard reset control
- learning control
- linear control
- linearity control
- local control
- logical control - loop control
- loudness control
- lower-level intelligent control
- manual control - master brightness control
- master gain control
- material gap control
- mechanical fader control
- medium access control - microprocessor control
- microprogrammed control
- middle control
- MIDI control
- mission control
- mobile communications control
- mode control
- motor control
- motor-concatenation control
- motor-field control
- motor-voltage control
- multicoordinate control
- multivariable control
- musical instrument digital interface control
- narrow control
- neighboring optimal control
- neuromuscular control
- noise gain control
- nuclear level control
- numerical control
- off-line control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open-loop control
- optimal control
- organizational control
- overtemperature control
- parametric control
- parity control
- partitioned adaptive control
- passively adaptive control
- pattern control
- peaking control
- peripheral control
- phase control
- phase-shift control
- photoelectric control
- photoelectric loop control
- photoelectric register control
- pin control
- plugged control
- point-to-point control
- portamento control
- positioning control
- power up/down control
- precision control
- presence control
- priority control
- process control
- program control
- programmable gain control
- project control
- proportional control
- proportional plus derivative control
- proportional plus integral plus derivative control
- PTP control
- purity control
- push-button control
- quality control - radar traffic control - random decision-directed adaptive control
- range control
- rate control
- ratio control
- ray-control
- real-time control
- recording control
- red-gain control
- reflexive control
- regeneration control
- regional playback control
- reject control
- relay control
- relay directional control
- reliability control
- remote control
- retarded control
- rewind control
- RFI control
- ringing control
- robot control
- roll-and-pitch control
- rounding control
- saturation control
- screen control
- security controls
- selectivity control
- self-acting control
- self-organizing control
- semiremote control
- sensitivity control
- sensitivity-time control
- sequence control - servo-loop control
- set-point control
- sidetone control
- single-dial control
- size control
- slide control
- software error control
- sound control
- sound volume control
- speech control
- speed control
- spin control
- squelch control
- static control - surge control
- swept gain control - tapped control
- temperature control
- temporal gain control
- time polarity control
- time-schedule control
- time-varied gain control
- titration control
- tone control
- tone-compensated audio volume control - touch-sensitive control
- traffic control
- treble control
- trigger control
- tuning control
- undertemperature control
- unilateral control
- usage parameter control
- variable speech control
- vertical-amplitude control
- vertical-centering control
- vertical convergence control
- vertical-hold control
- vertical-linearity control
- video gain control - volume control
- white-level control
- wide control
- width control
- μP control -
9 control
1) управление; регулирование, регулировка || управлять; регулировать2) орган управления; регулятор; орган настройки3) система управления; система регулирования4) pl. средства управления; средства регулирования5) контроль; проверка || контролировать; проверять6) система контроля; система проверки7) pl. средства контроля; средства проверки8) pl. методы контроля; рычаги управления9) вчт. контроллер10) pl.; вчт. методы управления данными и контроля данных в процессе обработки11) pl.; вчт. позиции управления экранного меню12) управляющий провод ( криотрона)•- acceptance controlcontrol during material — регулирование ( уровня громкости) во время передачи сигнала
- access control
- ActiveX control
- adaptive control
- aids-to-navigation radio control
- airport ground traffic control
- airport radar control
- air-traffic control
- amplitude balance control
- ANSI screen control
- antenna position control
- anticipatory control
- anticlutter gain control
- approach control
- armature voltage control
- artistic effect control
- astatic control
- attitude control
- audible control
- audio volume control
- audio-fidelity control
- automatic background control
- automatic bandwidth control
- automatic bias control
- automatic brightness control
- automatic chroma control
- automatic chrominance control
- automatic color control
- automatic contrast control
- automatic control
- automatic fine-tuning control
- automatic flight control
- automatic frequency control
- automatic gain control
- automatic knee control
- automatic level control
- automatic light control
- automatic load control
- automatic modulation control
- automatic overload control
- automatic peak search control
- automatic pedestal control
- automatic phase control
- automatic picture control
- automatic range control
- automatic recording level control
- automatic remote control
- automatic selectivity control
- automatic sensitivity control
- automatic tint control
- automatic voltage control
- automatic volume expansion control
- automatic volume level control
- automatic volume-control
- background control
- balance control
- bandspread tuning control
- bang-bang control
- bass control
- beam-rider control
- bilateral control
- black level control
- blue-gain control
- breath control
- brightness control
- brilliance control
- bumped phase control
- camera control
- carrier-current control
- Cartesian control
- cascade control
- centering control
- charge control
- chroma control
- chromaticity control
- chrominance-gain control
- closed-loop control
- coarse control
- color-saturation control
- command control
- compensated volume control
- computer control
- computer numerical control
- computer-aided quality control
- computerized numerical control
- concurrency control and recovery
- concurrency control
- continuity control
- continuous control
- continuous feedback control
- contouring control
- contrast control
- convergence control
- convergence phase control
- counter control
- crystal control
- cue control
- cursor control
- cybernetic control
- data acquisition control
- data recording control
- data-link control
- dc motor control
- delayed automatic volume control
- depth control
- derivative control
- differential gain control
- digital control
- digital remote control
- direct digital control
- direct manual control
- direct numerical control
- directional control
- distributed control
- distribution control
- domain-wall state control
- dramatic effect control
- drive control
- dual control
- dynamic astigmatism control
- dynamic contrast control
- echo duration control
- echo return control
- echo tone control
- electrical control
- electronic control
- electronic motor control
- embedded control
- end-point control
- end-to-end control
- environmental control
- error control
- external control
- fail-safe control
- fast automatic gain control
- feedback control
- feedback tone control
- feedforward control
- field linearity control
- field-effect conductivity control
- fine-tuning control
- finite control
- flight control
- flow control
- focus control
- focusing control
- follow-up control
- foot control
- forms control
- forward error control
- frame control
- framing control
- frequency control
- frequency monitoring and interference control
- frequency-response control
- front-panel control
- full-wave control
- fuzzy control
- gain control
- gain-sensitivity control
- gain-time control
- ganged volume control
- gate mobile communications control
- generator field control
- global control
- green-gain control
- grid control
- ground control
- guidance control
- half-wave control
- hardware error control
- height control
- hierarchical control
- hierarchically intelligent control
- higher-level intelligent control
- high-level data link control
- high-level data-link control
- hold control
- holding control
- homing control
- horizontal centering control
- horizontal convergence control
- horizontal drive control
- horizontal hold control
- horizontal parabola control
- horizontal-amplitude control
- horizontal-linearity control
- hue control
- illumination control
- independent control
- inertial control
- infinitely fast control
- infinity control
- in-process control
- instantaneous automatic gain control
- integral control
- intelligent control
- intensity control
- interface-shape control
- interference control
- intermediate control
- intermittent control
- internal control
- interrupt control
- inventory control
- ISDN data link control
- ISDN media access control
- keyboard control
- keyboard reset control
- learning control
- linear control
- linearity control
- local control
- logical control
- logical link control
- long-range control
- loop control
- loudness control
- lower-level intelligent control
- manual control
- manual gain control
- mass storage volume control
- master brightness control
- master control
- master gain control
- material gap control
- mechanical fader control
- medium access control
- message data link control
- microcomputer control
- microprocessor control
- microprogrammed control
- middle control
- MIDI control
- mission control
- mobile communications control
- mode control
- motor control
- motor-concatenation control
- motor-field control
- motor-voltage control
- multicoordinate control
- multivariable control
- musical instrument digital interface control
- narrow control
- neighboring optimal control
- neuromuscular control
- noise gain control
- nuclear level control
- numerical control
- off-line control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open-loop control
- optimal control
- organizational control
- overtemperature control
- parametric control
- parity control
- partitioned adaptive control
- passively adaptive control
- pattern control
- peaking control
- peripheral control
- phase control
- phase-shift control
- photoelectric control
- photoelectric loop control
- photoelectric register control
- pin control
- plugged control
- point-to-point control
- portamento control
- positioning control
- power up/down control
- precision control
- presence control
- priority control
- process control
- program control
- programmable gain control
- project control
- proportional control
- proportional plus derivative control
- proportional plus integral plus derivative control
- PTP control
- purity control
- push-button control
- quality control
- quiet automatic volume control
- radar control
- radar traffic control
- radio control
- radio-frequency interference control
- random decision-directed adaptive control
- range control
- rate control
- ratio control
- ray-control
- real-time control
- recording control
- red-gain control
- reflexive control
- regeneration control
- regional playback control
- reject control
- relay control
- relay directional control
- reliability control
- remote control
- retarded control
- rewind control
- RFI control
- ringing control
- robot control
- roll-and-pitch control
- rounding control
- saturation control
- screen control
- security controls
- selectivity control
- self-acting control
- self-organizing control
- semiremote control
- sensitivity control
- sensitivity-time control
- sequence control
- sequential control
- servo control
- servo-loop control
- set-point control
- sidetone control
- single-dial control
- size control
- slide control
- software error control
- sound control
- sound volume control
- speech control
- speed control
- spin control
- squelch control
- static control
- statistical process control
- statistical quality control
- stored-program control
- supervisory control
- surge control
- swept gain control
- synchronous data link control
- system-wide control
- tapped control
- temperature control
- temporal gain control
- time polarity control
- time-schedule control
- time-varied gain control
- titration control
- tone control
- tone-compensated audio volume control
- total distributed control
- total quality control
- touch-sensitive control
- traffic control
- treble control
- trigger control
- tuning control
- undertemperature control
- unilateral control
- usage parameter control
- variable speech control
- vertical convergence control
- vertical-amplitude control
- vertical-centering control
- vertical-hold control
- vertical-linearity control
- video gain control
- visit mobile communications control
- voice control
- volume control
- white-level control
- wide control
- width controlThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > control
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10 control
1. регулирование, регулировка; управление; регулировать, управлять2. регулировочное устройство3. элементы системы управления4. автоматическое регулирование приводки5. устройство для автоматической регулировки приводки красок6. автоматическое регулирование боковой приводки7. устройство для автоматической регулировки боковой приводкиbackward-acting control — регулирование; регулировка
8. автоматическое регулирование натяжения9. устройство для регулировки натяжения10. регулирование приводки по окружности цилиндра11. устройство для регулировки приводки по окружности цилиндраclosed-loop control — замкнутый цикл контроля, контроль с обратной связью
12. контроль положения линии рубки; контроль положения линии поперечной резки13. автоматическое устройство, контролирующее положение изображения относительно линии рубкиdiaphragm control — номограмма, связывающая индекс диафрагмы с масштабом съёмки
14. управление экспозицией15. устройство для управления экспозициейgradation control — управление градацией; управление градационным процессом; контроль градации, регулирование градации
gripper control — управление захватами, регулировка захватов
highlight control — управление градацией «высоких светов», регулирование градационных характеристик «высоких светов»
16. регулировка подачи краски17. регулятор подачи краски18. регулирование режима работы передаточного валика по отношению к дукторному валу, регулирование передаточного валика19. устройство для регулирования режима работы передаточного валика20. регулирование продольной приводки21. устройство для регулировки долевой приводки22. регулирование боковой и продольной приводки23. устройство для регулировки боковой и продольной приводки24. контроль неподачи листов25. устройство, контролирующее неподачу листов26. регулировка положения валика печатного станка27. устройство для регулирования положения валика печатного станка28. авторегулирование натяжения с помощью пневматически нагруженного «плавающего» валика29. пневматическое устройство с «плавающим» валиком для авторегулирования натяжения30. регулирование окружного смещения формного цилиндра31. устройство для управления окружным смещением формного цилиндра32. управление экспозицией при копировании33. устройство для автоматического отсчёта времени экспонированияprint to cut register control — приводка рубки по печати, регулирование положения линии рубки ленты
34. регулирование приводки35. устройство для регулирования приводкиexchange control — валютный контроль; валютное регулирование
control margin — диапазон регулирования; диапазон управления
36. регулирование приводки на рабочем ходу37. устройство для регулирования приводки на рабочем ходу38. контроль подачи листов39. устройство, контролирующее подачу листов40. регулирование боковой приводки41. устройство для регулирования боковой приводкиtime control — управление временем, автоматический отсчёт времени
tonal control — управление градацией изображения или градационным процессом, регулирование градационной характеристики
42. управление движением лентыfailsoft control — управление с "мягким отказом"
43. устройство для контроля за движением ленты44. регулирование положения боковой кромки ленты45. устройство для выравнивания ленты46. управление длиной подачи ленты47. устройство для регулирования подачи лентыfeed control slide — заслонка, регулирующая подачу
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11 control
регулировка, регулирование @control for moisture content регулирование влажности @control for size level регулирование уровня шлихты @control for stretch регулирование вытягивания (напр. основы в процессе шлихтования) @control of size cooking регулирование варки шлихты @control of sizing process регулирование процесса шлихтования @automatic stitch control автоматическое регулирование плотности вязания @electronic eye weft control 1. электронный самоостанов при обрыве или сходе нити утка; 2. электронное уточное щупло @laboratory control лабораторный контроль @main drive control of spinning combine пульт управления прядильного комбайна @mechanical control in weaving наладка ткацкого оборудования @micromatic stitch control микрометрическое регулирование плотности вязания; регулирование кулирующих клиньев с помощью микрометрических винтов @stitch control 1. регулирование плотности вязания; 2. плотность вязания @ -
12 control
регулировка, регулирование @control for moisture content регулирование влажности @control for size level регулирование уровня шлихты @control for stretch регулирование вытягивания (напр. основы в процессе шлихтования) @control of size cooking регулирование варки шлихты @control of sizing process регулирование процесса шлихтования @automatic stitch control автоматическое регулирование плотности вязания @electronic eye weft control 1. электронный самоостанов при обрыве или сходе нити утка; 2. электронное уточное щупло @laboratory control лабораторный контроль @main drive control of spinning combine пульт управления прядильного комбайна @mechanical control in weaving наладка ткацкого оборудования @micromatic stitch control микрометрическое регулирование плотности вязания; регулирование кулирующих клиньев с помощью микрометрических винтов @stitch control 1. регулирование плотности вязания; 2. плотность вязания @ -
13 process control block
English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > process control block
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14 system
1) система2) установка; устройство•- 2D design system
- 2-D draughting system
- 2D milling CAM system
- 3 nonsimultaneous axes control system
- 3D CAD system
- 3D design system
- 3D milling CAM system
- 3-D surface-modeling system
- 3-D system
- abrasive waterjet cutting system
- absolute control system
- absolute dimension measuring system
- accident-protection system
- accountancy system
- accounting data system
- ACO system
- acoustic feedback control system
- acquisition system
- active enclosure system
- adaptable system
- adaptive CNC system
- adaptive control constraint system
- adaptive control system
- adaptive pulsing system
- adaptive robot system
- add-on NC programming system
- administrative information data system
- administrative information system
- ADR system
- advanced command data system
- advanced data analysis system
- advanced data display system
- advanced display system
- advanced integrated data system
- advanced interactive debugging system
- advanced management information system
- advisory system
- AGV system
- air flotation system
- air-bearing system
- air-cooling system
- air-delivery system
- air-gaging system
- airlock system
- air-oil mist lubrication system
- air-plasma arc-profiling system
- air-purge system
- alarm system
- all-enveloping guard system
- analog computing system
- analog recording system
- angstrom-positioning system
- antideflection system
- antilock brake system
- antisag system
- application-specific system
- APT generating expert system
- Archimedes system
- array system
- AS/RS system
- assembly management system
- assembly system
- attitude display system
- autolube system
- automated communications and messages processing system
- automated design and optimization of control system
- automated design system
- automated digital design system
- automated industrial management system
- automated information data system
- automated information dissemination system
- automated information retrieval system
- automated inventory distribution system
- automated machining system
- automated management information system
- automated management system
- automated measuring system
- automated parts input-output system
- automated reliability and maintenance management system
- automated storage control system
- automatic alignment-and-centering system
- automatic call distribution system
- automatic CAM system
- automatic chuck-changing system
- automatic data acquisition system
- automatic data distribution system
- automatic data system
- automatic diagnostic-and-recovery system
- automatic display plotting system
- automatic distributive numerical control system
- automatic fixturing system
- automatic gaging-and-compensating system
- automatic measurement-and-compensation system
- automatic message accounting system
- automatic message distribution system
- automatic pallet storage/retrieval system
- automatic program transfer system
- automatic record evaluation system
- automatic telemetry system
- automatic test analysis system
- automatic test system
- automatic testing, evaluating and reporting system
- automatic tool cassette changer system
- automatic tool retraction system
- automatic tool retraction/correction/reentry system
- automatic tool wear/tool broken sensing system
- automatically taught system
- automation system
- autonomous system
- autopatch system
- AWS system
- axis drive system
- axis motor system
- axis-stopping system
- backlash-free friction system
- back-to-back system
- balance system
- balanced system of forces
- balanced system
- bar feed system
- bar pulling system
- bar pusher system
- barring coding system
- base coordinate system
- base data system
- base file system
- base operating information system
- basic disk operating system
- basic hole system
- basic input/output system
- basic NC system
- basic programming system
- basic shaft system
- batching system
- batch-machining system
- battery system
- BCC management information system
- beam delivery system
- belt turnover system
- belt twist system
- binary system
- binary vision system
- biped robotic system
- block-tool system
- block-type tool change system
- bonded stores system
- boring system
- bought-in control system
- brake system
- branch information system
- breakaway system
- breathing system
- broad system of ordering
- BTA deep-hole-drilling system
- BTA-style deep-hole-drilling system
- bug-free system
- building block system
- bulk system
- business information system
- buy-and-plug-in system
- C/C system
- cable and hose carrying system
- CAD access system
- CAD system
- CAD/CAM system
- CAD/CAM/CAE and product data management system
- CAD/CAM/CAE system
- CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- CADAR system
- CAD-integrating system
- CAD-only system
- CAE system
- CAE/CAD/CAM system
- CAG system
- CAM system
- cam-and-lever system
- capacitance-based measuring system
- CAPP system
- capture system
- carrierband system
- cart/pallet transfer system
- Cartesian coordinate system
- cassette jaw-change system
- cell control system
- cell management system
- cell-type system
- cellular manufacturing system
- central analog data distributing and controlling system
- central automatic message accounting system
- central storage system
- centralized control system
- centralized coolant and extractor system
- centralized swarf conveying system
- centralized swarf removal system
- chain conveyor system
- check system
- checking system
- checkout system
- chiller system
- chip conveyor system
- chip guard system
- chip-evacuation system
- chuck/chuck jaw changing system
- chucking system
- chuck-jaw system
- chuck-loading system
- CIM system
- circular monitoring system
- circular part-processing system
- circulating lubrication system
- circulating oil system
- circulation system
- clamping system
- closed cooling system
- closed loop control system
- closed loop machine control system
- closed loop size control system
- closed loop system
- closed-proprietary system
- CM system
- CNC hardware system
- CNC machine tool system
- CNC programming system
- CNC system
- CNC transfer system
- CNC-ACC system
- CNC-control system
- coherent system of units
- collecting system
- collet pad top jaw system
- combined cooling system
- combined production system
- command-line NC system
- commercial vision system
- communication system
- companion system
- comprehensive power measurement system
- computer analysis and design system
- computer automation real-time operating system
- computer data communication system
- computer NC system
- computer system
- computer vision system
- computer-aided design support system
- computer-aided dispatch system
- computer-aided gaging system
- computer-aided programming system
- computer-aided telemetry system
- computer-aided test system
- computer-assisted command system
- computer-assisted message processing system
- computer-assisted microfilm retrieval system
- computer-assisted operation sequence planning system
- computer-automated machine-tool system
- computer-automated test system
- computer-based management system
- computer-based message system
- computer-controlled materials-handling system
- computer-controlled system
- computer-coordinated measuring system
- computer-directed swing-arm tool-changing system
- computer-driven control system
- computer-hosted manufacturing system
- computer-integrated manufacturing system
- computer-integrated system
- computerized information retrieval system
- computerized machine control system
- computerized manufacturing system
- computerized numerical control system
- computerized production control system
- computerized shopfloor data collection system
- computer-oriented production management system
- computer-oriented system
- computing system
- concurrent force system
- conductor system
- conservative system
- constant delivery system
- constant volume system
- constant-contact scanning system
- constraint satisfaction system
- continuous feedback control system
- continuous flow system
- continuous-path CNC system
- continuous-path control system
- contouring control system
- contouring system
- controlled path system
- controlling system
- conventional ACC system
- conversational analysis and drafting system
- conveying system
- conveyor system
- conveyoring system
- conveyorized work-handling system
- coolant clarification system
- coolant laundering system
- coolant mist system
- coolant recirculating system
- coolant recovery system
- coolant recycling system
- coolant supply system
- coolant-circulating system
- coolant-thru-body system
- cooling system
- coordinate drive system
- coordinate system
- coprocessor board system
- copymill control system
- corporate information and office system
- coupling system
- CPS system
- CRT control system
- CRT system
- customer-oriented system
- customized FMS control system
- cut-piece transfer system
- cycloidal tooth system
- data base management system
- data communication system
- data control system
- data input management system
- data management system
- data origination system
- data processing system
- data retrieval system
- data transfer system
- datum system for geometrical tolerancing
- datum system
- DDM system
- decentralized DNC system
- decision enabling system
- decision support system
- dedicated production system
- deep-hole-drilling system
- defect-free machining system
- delivery system
- demand pull flexible system
- demand push flexible system
- departmental management system
- descaling system
- design coordinate system
- design support system
- design-automation system
- design-for-manufacturing system
- design-with-feature system
- desk-top publishing system
- deterministic system
- dexel-based system
- diagnostic communication control system
- diagnostic computer control system
- dialog system
- diamond-lapping system
- digital readout system
- digitizing system
- digitizing/data capture system
- dimensional verification system
- direct impingement starting system
- direct lubrication system
- direct NC system
- discrete-continuous system
- dispatcher system
- distributed computer system
- distributed mass-spring system
- distributed microprocessor system
- distributed processing system
- distributed quality system
- distributed system
- distributive numerical control system
- DNC flexible machining system
- DNC machine control system
- DNC machine tool control system
- DNC system
- DNC/FM system
- document processing system
- document retrieval system
- document search system
- domain-expert system
- Doppler system
- DOS CAM system
- double tube system
- dowel pin system
- DRO system
- drop-feed-lubrication system
- DTP system
- dual laser optical system
- dual laser referencing system
- dual system
- dual-beam LDDM system
- dual-pallet shuttle system
- dual-shaft electric propulsion system
- dynamic beam focusing laser system
- dynamic data system
- dynamic mapping system
- early warning system
- eddy current damper system
- edge-sensing system
- edge-type positioning system
- eight-station pallet system
- electrical contact tracing system
- electrofluidic control system
- emergency protection system
- enclosure system
- encoder checking system
- endpoint locating system
- energy-adaptive system
- energy-saving drive system
- engine starting system
- entry-level NC system
- environmental control system
- equivalent rigid link system
- equivalent systems of forces
- ESD system
- estimating system
- example-driven system
- expert control system
- expert process planning system
- expert system
- external box system
- extractor system
- fact retrieval system
- factory automation system
- fault detection system
- fault-signal system
- FBG system
- feasibility routing system
- feature-based CAM system
- feature-based system
- feed system
- feedback control system
- feedback gaging system
- feedback position control system
- feedback system
- feed-drive system
- feedforward compensatory control system
- feed-only AC system
- feed-overriding system
- FFS system
- file control system
- finite capacity scheduling system
- fixed coordinate system
- fixed-feature NC system
- fixed-rail system
- fixture design system
- fixture system
- fixturing system
- flanged pipe system
- flexible assembly system
- flexible automated manufacturing system
- flexible automation system
- flexible computer-controlled robotic system
- flexible fabricating system
- flexible fixturing system
- flexible handling system
- flexible laser optical system
- flexible laser system
- flexible lathe system
- flexible machine system
- flexible machining center system
- flexible machining system
- flexible manufacturing system
- flexible NC system
- flexible press system
- flexible tooling system
- flexible transfer system
- flexible turning system
- flood coolant system
- flow-line production system
- flow-type manufacturing system
- fluid management system
- fluid power system
- flush-type cooling system
- fly system
- FMS operating system
- FMS/CAD/CAM system
- FMS-type production system
- force measurement system
- force sensory system
- force system
- force-sensing system
- forecasting system
- four-station pallet system
- four-tier quality system
- FROG navigation system
- FROG system
- full-blown system
- fully specified system
- gage system
- gaging computer system
- gaging-and-compensating system
- gantry loading system
- gantry-based turning system
- gantry-style motion system
- gas-turbine starting system
- gating system
- gear roller system
- gear system
- gear testing system
- general information retrieval system
- generative planning system
- generic control system
- generic messaging system
- generic system
- glass fiber system
- glazing system
- goal-seeking system
- graphic numerical control system
- graphic processing system
- graphics system
- graphics-oriented system
- grating measuring system
- gravity oil system
- gray scale imaging system
- grinder vision system
- group control system
- guarding system
- guidance system
- guiding system
- handling system
- handwriting-input system
- hard-automated system
- hardware NC system
- hardware support system
- head change system
- head changer system
- head-changing flexible manufacturing system
- help system
- hierarchical coding system
- hierarchical control system
- hierarchical information control system
- high-noise-immunity system
- high-rise system
- high-speed positioning system
- high-speed-processor control system
- high-volume system
- Hirth gear-tooth system
- holding system
- holding tool system
- hole system
- holonomic system
- host computer-assisted programming system
- host distributive numerical control system
- hybrid computing system
- hydraulic oil system
- hydraulic system
- hydraulic-circuit system
- hypertext system
- ID system
- IDNC system
- illumination system
- image detection system
- image processing system
- imaging system
- IMC system
- immersion-washing system
- inconsistent system of equations
- incremental measuring system
- index system
- indirect lubrication system
- individual lubrication system
- inductive telemetry system
- inductively guided cart system
- industrial vision system
- in-feed system
- inference system
- in-floor chip-disposal system
- information infrastructure system
- information logical system
- information processing system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information system
- information-gathering system
- information-management system
- information-sharing system
- infrared imaging system
- infrared system
- in-house minicomputer system
- in-house system
- inlet control system
- in-process gaging system
- in-process sensing system
- in-process storage system
- insert-selection system
- instrumentation system
- insulating system
- integral movement monitoring system
- integrated CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- integrated CAM system
- integrated circuit numerical control system
- integrated computer system
- integrated information system
- integrated machine system
- integrated machining system
- integrated manufacturing and assembly system
- integrated manufacturing system
- integrated NC machine system
- integrated production system
- integrated sensor system
- intelligent control system
- interactive control system
- interactive graphics processing system
- interactive manufacturing control system
- interconnection system
- interdepartmental communication system
- interferometer measuring system
- interlocking system
- interrupt-driven system
- inventory-management system
- involute tooth system
- IR fault-signal system
- IR system
- ISO system of limits and tolerances
- isolated word recognition system
- jig boring measuring system
- job shop-type flexible system
- joint-actuation system
- just-in-time production system
- kanban pull system
- kinetic control system
- kitting system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based information system
- knowledge-based system
- krypton laser system
- labeling system
- labor-intensive system
- language-based NC system
- laser beam orientation system
- laser beam positioning system
- laser calibration system
- laser combination energy system
- laser digitizing system
- laser driving system
- laser full automated system
- laser inspection system
- laser interferometer measuring system
- laser machining system
- laser metalworking system
- laser micrometer system
- laser monitoring system
- laser mount system
- laser optical transformation system
- laser pulse power system
- laser pump system
- laser referencing system
- laser thread measurement system
- laser transducer system
- laser-cutting system
- laser-gaging system
- layered control system
- LDDM system
- lead screw drive system
- learning system
- library reference system
- library system
- light guide system
- light recognition system
- line motion control system
- line motion system
- line path system
- linear index system
- linear system of constant coefficients
- linear time invariant system
- linear time-varying system
- linear-encoder-equipped system
- LMFC system
- load/unload system
- loading robot system
- load-monitoring system
- local communications system
- logistics system
- look-up table system
- low-loss optical system
- low-volume lubricant delivery system
- lube system
- lubrication system with continuous delivery
- lubrication system with cyclic delivery
- lubrication system with performance control
- lubrication system without performance control
- lubrication system
- M system
- machine control system
- machine coordinate system
- machine health-monitoring system
- machine management system
- machine surveillance system
- machine tool capability-conditioning system
- machine tool system
- machine vision system
- machine/control system
- machine/tool/workpiece system
- machine-flexible system
- machine-zero reference system
- machining-cell system
- magnetic control system
- magnetic shaft suspension system
- main control system
- maintenance tracking system
- make-up system
- management control system
- management information system
- management system
- management-and-manufacturing system
- managerial reporting system
- man-computer system
- man-machine system
- man-plus-machine system
- manual data input system
- manual programming system
- manufacturing execution system
- manufacturing optimization system
- manufacturing software system
- manufacturing system
- many-degrees-of-freedom system
- many-variable system
- mass-elastic system
- master manufacturing control system
- master-slave control system
- material flow system
- material movement system
- material storage system
- materials-handling control system
- materials-handling system
- matrix array system
- matrix-type system
- MDI contouring control system
- MDI control system
- MDI NC system
- mean line system
- measurement/inspection system
- measuring coordinate system
- measuring system
- measuring/compensation system
- mechanical interface coordinate system
- memory NC system
- memory system
- menu drive system
- menu system
- menu-driven programming system
- metalforming production system with robots
- metalworking laser system
- metamorphic system
- metareasoning system
- metering system
- metrology system
- MIC system
- micro CAD/CAM programming system
- microadjustment system
- microchip-managed control system
- microdispensing system
- microintegrated system
- microload system
- micropackaged distributed system
- microprocessor based system
- microprocessor CNC system
- microprocessor system
- microprocessor-development system
- microstep control system
- microwave drill detection system
- milling CAM system
- milling system
- minicomputer-based numerical control system
- minicomputer-based system
- minicomputer-based test system
- miniload automated storage and retrieval system
- miniload system
- minimal constraint system
- minimum phase shift system
- mist-cooling system
- mixed forging-machining system
- mobility system
- model reference adaptive system
- moderately sized manufacturing system
- modular clamping system
- modular component tooling system
- modular fixture system
- modular holding system
- modular system
- modular tooling system
- modular work holding system
- monitoring system
- monorail material handling system
- motor position sensing system
- mounting system
- MPM system
- MRC system
- MRP system
- MS-DOS system
- multiaxis laser system
- multimachine system
- multimedia system
- multinetwork system
- multipallet system
- multiple computer system
- multiple laser technology system
- multiple pallet changer system
- multiple pallet handling system
- multiple parts feeding system
- multiple sensory system
- multiple spindle head handling-and-changing system
- multiple system of indexing
- multiple-gun spraying system
- multipoint lubrication system
- multipoint network control system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor NC system
- multiprocessor system
- multiproduct manufacturing system
- multiprofile tool system
- multiprogramming system
- multirobot system
- multisensor system
- multiserver queueing system
- multistage system
- multitasking control system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser system
- multivendor information system
- multiwindowing software system
- Nagare system
- narrowly defined expert system
- national information system
- navigation system
- NC contouring system
- NC machine system
- NC part-programming system
- NC system
- NC tooling system
- NC/TP system
- nesting system
- network computer system
- network switching system
- network system
- noise diagnostic system
- noncircular copy-turning system
- noncompensated system
- noncontact laser marking system
- noncontact microwave system
- nonexpert system
- non-NC system
- numerical computer control system
- numerical contour control system
- numerical control system
- numerically controlled tool point system
- object-oriented system
- office system
- office-based programming system
- off-line adviser-type expert system
- off-line programming system
- off-line system
- off-the-shelf system
- oil mist system
- oil scavenge system
- oil system
- oil wash system
- oil-recirculating system
- oligarchical manufacturing system
- OLP system
- one man/one machine system
- one man-one operation-one job system
- one-machine flexible system
- one-piece tape spar-measuring system
- one-shot lubrication system
- on-line information system
- on-line process system
- on-line retrieval system
- on-line system
- on-line tool control system
- on-machine gaging system
- on-machine probing system
- on-off control system
- open architecture system
- open cooling system
- open system
- open-front system
- open-loop control system
- operating system
- operational system
- operator guidance system
- operator-controlled NC system
- optical detection system
- optical laser ranging system
- optical MAP system
- optical measurement/inspection system
- optical recognition system
- optical system for laser processing
- optical tracer backup system
- optical transmission system
- opti-feed system
- optimal-position control system
- order-driven system
- order-entry system
- order-picking system
- oscillating system
- oscillatory system
- out-feed system
- output collecting system
- overall system
- p.-t.-p. NC system
- package confinement system
- paging system
- pallet conveyor system
- pallet gripper system
- pallet ID system
- pallet storage system
- pallet storage/changer system
- pallet/platen transfer system
- pallet/robot flexible-machining system
- pallet-based materials handling system
- pallet-based system
- pallet-changer system
- pallet-coding system
- pallet-handling system
- palletized tool magazine system
- pallet-loading system
- pallet-moving system
- pallet-shuttle change system
- pallet-transfer system
- pallet-transport system
- paperless NC system
- parallel force system
- parallel lubrication system
- parametric CNC system
- part flow system
- part handling-and-storage system
- part program-editing system
- part queue system
- part-conveying system
- partial laser system
- part-programming system
- part-retrieval system
- passively mode-locked laser system
- path control system of a machine
- path control system
- pattern recognition system
- pattern tracing system
- pattern-directed system
- PC system
- PC-based CAD system
- PC-based vision system
- pendant-mounted CNC system
- perceptual system
- permanent electro system
- personal computer-based robotic vision system
- phase switching control system
- photogrammetric vision system
- photooptic tracing system
- photooptical tracing system
- piece rate system
- plane system of forces
- planner-oriented system
- plant-integration system
- platen system
- platform-independent CAM system
- playback system
- plugboard control system
- plugboard programming system
- point-to-point system
- popular laser system
- position control system
- positioning control system
- postprocess inspection system
- postprocess system
- postprocess-feedback gaging system
- potentiometer-setting system
- power generating system
- power system
- powered clamping system
- powered track system
- powerful robot system
- precision positioning system
- predictive machinability system
- predictive maintenance system
- pre-emptive system
- pregaging system
- preload system
- preset tooling system
- presetting system
- prismatic flexible manufacturing system
- prismatic machining system
- probe communication system
- problem-oriented information system
- process planning system
- process-flexible system
- production control system
- production expert system
- production-monitoring system
- productions system
- product-testing system
- programmable automation system
- programmable control system
- programmable logic control system
- programmable power monitoring system
- programmed sequence control system
- programming system
- proof-of-concept system
- proprietary NC system
- propulsion system
- propulsive system
- protection system
- prototype system
- prototyping system
- pull system of production
- pull system
- punch tape NC system
- purpose-made materials feeding system
- push system
- qualitative system
- quality control system
- quality system
- quantity produced systems
- question-and-answer system
- question-answering system
- queuing system
- quick-change system
- quick-change workpiece-fixturing system
- quick-change-cutter system
- rack system
- rack-picking system
- rail-borne robotic handling system
- rail-guided transport system
- random mission system
- random mix system
- random order system
- ranging system
- readout system
- ready-to-go system
- real-time vision system
- recirculation system
- rectangular coordinate system
- rectangular triordinate system
- reeving system
- reference retrieval system
- reference system
- reflecting high-power beam optical system
- register system
- registration system
- relay ladder logic system
- reporting system
- reprographic system
- resolver system
- restraint system
- RETIC system
- retrieval system
- retrofit system
- return spring system
- RGV pallet delivery system
- rigid track workpiece transport system
- rigid transfer system
- robot control system
- robot gantry storage-and-retrieval system
- robot learning system
- robot parts-handling system
- robot system
- robot teaching system
- robot tool changing system
- robot-based turning system
- robotic system
- robotic vision system
- robotics CAD system
- robotized metalforming system
- robot-like inspection system
- robot-measuring system
- rod memory system
- roller system
- roll-generating system
- rotary transfer system
- rotary-type tool-mounting system
- rotational system
- routing-flexible system
- rule-based expert system
- running fail-safe system
- running system
- run-time system
- safety actuation system
- safety system
- scale back system
- seam tracking laser processing system
- seam-tracking system
- security system
- selective assembly system
- selective control system
- self-adapting system
- self-contained starting system
- self-contained system
- self-monitoring measuring system
- self-optimizing adaptive control system
- self-programming NC system
- self-teaching system
- self-test system
- sensing system
- sensor system
- sensor-based system
- sensory control system
- sensory feedback system
- sensory interactive system
- sensory-processing system
- sentence recognition system
- sequencing control system
- sequential control system
- series lubrication system
- service system
- servo control system
- servo drive system
- servo positioning system
- servo transducer system
- servo-controlled blade-feed-pressure system
- setting system
- SFP system
- shaft system
- shared tools system
- shopfloor communication message system
- shopfloor part-programming system
- shopfloor programming system
- shopfloor-programming control system
- short-closed oil system
- shuttle car system
- shuttle system
- shuttle-type container system
- side-loading pallet system
- sign system
- signature-analysis system
- silhouetting system
- single system
- single-board computer system
- single-cell system
- single-line lubrication system
- single-point lubrication system
- single-stage system
- single-tube system
- single-unit machining system
- single-variable system
- sinking system
- six-station pallet system
- size-monitoring system
- skidless system
- skid-type system
- small knowledge system
- small scale system
- small-batch manufacturing system
- sociotechnical system
- software-based system
- software-operating system
- solid model CAD system
- solid modeling system
- solids-based system
- sonic digitizing system
- space-monitoring sensor system
- special-purpose CNC system
- special-purpose material handling system
- speech-understanding system
- spindle airblast system
- spindle-probe system
- splash lubrication system
- split-type of tooling system
- spray lubrication system
- sprocket-chain system
- stabilization system
- stabilizing system
- stacking system
- stand-alone system
- standard control system
- standard unit system
- starting system
- statistical process control system
- steady-state system
- stepping motor drive system
- stocker system
- stocking system
- stop-bolt locking system
- storage system
- storage-and-retrieval system
- storage-retrieval system
- straight cut control system
- straight-line control system
- stress calculations infinite element system
- structurally stable system
- structurally unstable system
- stub-tooth system
- subloop system
- supervision system
- supervisory computer control system
- supervisory control system
- surface-measurement system
- surveillance system
- suspension system
- swarf conveyance system
- swarf-management system
- swarf-removal system
- switching system
- synthetic vision system
- system of dimensioning
- system of forces
- system of limits and fits
- system of quantities
- system of the machine retaining devices
- system of units
- tactile sensing system
- tailored NC system
- tailor-made system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- teach system
- teachable-logic control system
- teaching system
- teach-mode programming system
- technology-intensive system
- telecommunication system
- telemetry gage system
- telemetry system
- teleoperated system
- telepresence system
- telerobotic system
- ten-station pallet system
- term system
- test system
- testing system
- text organizing system
- thermal control system
- thermal enclosure system
- thermal propulsion system
- thread measurement system
- thread measuring system
- three-dimensional CAM system
- three-dimensional coordinate system
- three-wire thread measuring system
- through feed system
- through-the-tool system
- time control system
- time cycle system
- time-shared system
- time-sharing NC programming system
- time-sharing system
- tool animation system
- tool breakage prevention system
- tool change system
- tool condition monitoring system
- tool coolant system
- tool deflection calibration system
- tool identification tag system
- tool life control system
- tool life management system
- tool magazine exchanger system
- tool management system
- tool position-compensating system
- tool shank cleaning system
- tool storage and transport system
- tool storage/management system
- tool-associated system
- tool-clamp system
- tool-holder-work system
- tool-ID system
- tooling AGV system
- tooling system
- tool-in-hand system
- tool-in-use system
- tool-machine system
- tool-monitoring system
- tool-mounting system
- tool-presetting system
- tool-probing system
- tool-to-turret connection system
- tool-transfer system
- torque-monitoring system
- total system
- total-loss lubrication system
- touch-probe digitizer system
- touch-probe digitizing system
- touch-probe system
- towline cart system
- towline conveyor system
- towline handling system
- towline material handling system
- towline transfer system
- tracer control system
- tracing system
- track system
- tracking/scheduling system
- track-monitoring system
- transfer system
- translating system
- transmission system
- transporter system
- traverse-metering system
- tray-type transfer system
- triangulation system
- tribomechanical system
- tri-level stocker system
- triordinate system
- trolley control system
- trouble-free control system
- T-slot system
- tuned system
- turning system
- turning-and-chucking system
- turnkey computer control system
- turnkey system
- turret probing system
- turret tooling system
- two-line lubrication system
- two-machine system
- two-pallet exchange system
- two-shift system
- two-tier inspection system
- unattended machining system
- unattended production system
- uncertain system
- unified system
- unit bore system
- unit system
- unit-build system
- unit-load automated storage and retrieval system
- unit-load system
- UNIX-based 32-bit computer system
- unmonitored control system
- unstable system
- user identification system
- user's CAD system
- V coding system
- vacuum system
- variable pallet system
- variable-coefficient system
- variable-gain ACC system
- variable-mission system
- versatile data acquisition system
- vertical carousel system
- vertical rotating warehouse system
- vibration system
- vibratory system
- video measuring system
- video-based measurement system
- viewing system
- virtual design system
- virtual storage system
- vision guidance system
- vision metrology system
- vision optical system
- vision sensor system
- vision system
- vision tool-presetting system
- vision-based inspection system
- vision-based system
- visual computing system
- visual inspection system
- VME-based system
- voice data entry system
- voice system
- voice-input system
- volume-flexible system
- volume-metric lubrication system
- voluntary standards system
- warehousing system
- warning protection system
- warning system
- wash system
- waste material treatment system
- watchdog system
- waterjet system
- way-lubrication system
- wedge-locked tool clamping system
- wheelhead-measuring system
- windowing system
- wire-cut system
- wire-frame CAD system
- wire-guided transport system
- wire-guided trolley routing system
- word recognition system
- work infeed system
- work transfer system
- work transport system
- workhandling system
- work-holding system
- workpiece-cleaning system
- workstation-oriented CNC system
- zero error position systemEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > system
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15 take
(to take or keep (someone) as a hostage: The police were unable to attack the terrorists because they were holding three people hostage.) tomar/coger a alguien como rehéntake vb1. cogertake your umbrella, it's raining coge el paraguas, que está lloviendo2. llevarcould you take this to the post office? ¿podrías llevar esto a la oficina de correos?3. llevarsesomeone's taken my bicycle! ¡alguien se ha llevado mi bicicleta!4. tomar5. llevar / tardar / durarto take place tener lugar / ocurrirtr[teɪk]1 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL toma1 (carry, bring) llevar■ take your umbrella, it might rain lleva el paraguas, puede que llueva2 (drive, escort) llevar■ shall I take you to the station? ¿quieres que te lleve a la estación?3 (remove) llevarse, quitar, coger■ who's taken my pencil? ¿quién ha cogido mi lápiz?4 (hold, grasp) tomar, coger■ do you want me to take your suitcase? ¿quieres que te coja la maleta?5 (accept - money etc) aceptar, coger; (- criticism, advice, responsibility) aceptar, asumir; (- patients, clients) aceptar■ do you take cheques? ¿aceptáis cheques?6 (win prize, competition) ganar; (earn) ganar, hacer■ how much have we taken today? ¿cuánto hemos hecho hoy de caja?7 (medicine, drugs) tomar■ have you ever taken drugs? ¿has tomado drogas alguna vez?■ do you take sugar? ¿te pones azúcar?8 (subject) estudiar; (course of study) seguir, cursar9 (teach) dar clase a10 (bus, train, etc) tomar, coger11 (capture) tomar, capturar; (in board games) comer12 (time) tardar, llevar■ how long does it take to get to Madrid? ¿cuánto se tarda en llegar a Madrid?13 (hold, contain) tener cabida, acoger■ how many people does your car take? ¿cuántas personas caben en tu coche?14 (size of clothes) usar, gastar; (size of shoes) calzar■ what size do you take? ¿qué talla usas?, ¿cuál es tu talla?■ what size shoe does he take? ¿qué número calza?15 (measurement, temperature, etc) tomar; (write down) anotar16 (need, require) requerir, necesitar17 (buy) quedarse con, llevar(se)18 (bear) aguantar, soportar19 (react) tomarse; (interpret) interpretar■ she took it the wrong way lo interpretó mal, se lo tomó a mal20 (perform, adopt) tomar, adoptar; (exercise) hacer■ she takes the view that... opina que...21 (have) tomar(se)22 (suppose) suponer■ I take it that... supongo que...23 (consider) considerar, mirar24 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL regir25 (rent) alquilar2 (fish) picar3 (in draughts etc) comer\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLnot to take no for an answer no aceptar una respuesta negativatake it from me escucha lo que te digotake it or leave it lo tomas o lo dejastake my word for it créemeto be hard to take ser difícil de aceptarto be on the take dejarse sobornarto have what it takes tener lo que hace faltato take five descansar cinco minutosto take it out of somebody dejar a uno sin ganas de nadato take somebody out of himself hacer que alguien se olvide de sus propias penasto take something as read dar algo por sentado,-a1) capture: capturar, apresar2) grasp: tomar, agarrarto take the bull by the horns: tomar al toro por los cuernos3) catch: tomar, agarrartaken by surprise: tomado por sorpresa4) captivate: encantar, fascinar5) ingest: tomar, ingerirtake two pills: tome dos píldoras6) remove: sacar, extraertake an orange: saca una naranja7) : tomar, coger (un tren, un autobús, etc.)8) need, require: tomar, requirirthese things take time: estas cosas toman tiempo9) bring, carry: llevar, sacar, cargartake them with you: llévalos contigotake the trash out: saca la basura10) bear, endure: soportar, aguantar (dolores, etc.)11) accept: aceptar (un cheque, etc.), seguir (consejos), asumir (la responsabilidad)12) suppose: suponerI take it that...: supongo que...to take a walk: dar un paseoto take a class: tomar una claseto take place happen: tener lugar, suceder, ocurrirtake vi: agarrar (dícese de un tinte), prender (dícese de una vacuna)take n1) proceeds: recaudación f, ingresos mpl, ganancias fpl2) : toma f (de un rodaje o una grabación)n.• taquilla s.f.• toma (Film) s.f.• toma s.f. (time)expr.• tardar expr.v.(§ p.,p.p.: took, taken) = aceptar v.• asir v.• calzar v.• cautivar v.• coger v.• ganar v.• llevar v.• quedarse con v.• tener v.(§pres: tengo, tienes...tenemos) pret: tuv-fut/c: tendr-•)• tomar v.
I
1. teɪk2) (carry, lead, drive) llevarshall I take the chairs inside/upstairs? — ¿llevo las sillas adentro/arriba?, ¿meto/subo las sillas?
I'll take you up/down to the third floor — subo/bajo contigo al tercer piso, te llevo al tercer piso
to take the dog (out) for a walk — sacar* el perro a pasear
this path takes you to the main road — este camino lleva or por este camino se llega a la carretera
3)a) \<\<train/plane/bus/taxi\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp)are you taking the car? — ¿vas a ir en coche?
we took the elevator (AmE) o (BrE) lift to the restaurant — tomamos or (esp Esp) cogimos el ascensor para subir/bajar al restaurante
b) \<\<road/turning\>\> tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)c) \<\<bend\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp); \<\<fence\>\> saltar4)a) (grasp, seize) tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)he took her by the hand — la tomó or (esp AmL) la agarró or (esp Esp) la cogió de la mano
b) ( take charge of)may I take your coat? — ¿me permite el abrigo?
would you mind taking the baby for a moment? — ¿me tienes al niño un momento?
c) ( occupy)take a seat — siéntese, tome asiento (frml)
5) (remove, steal) llevarse6) ( catch)he was taken completely unawares — lo agarró or (esp Esp) lo cogió completamente desprevenido
to be taken ill — caer* enfermo
7)a) ( capture) \<\<town/fortress/position\>\> tomar; \<\<pawn/piece\>\> comerb) ( win) \<\<prize/title\>\> llevarse, hacerse* con; \<\<game/set\>\> ganarc) ( receive as profit) hacer*, sacar*8) \<\<medicine/drugs\>\> tomarhave you taken your tablets? — ¿te has tomado las pastillas?
9)a) (buy, order) llevar(se)I'll take 12 ounces — déme or (Esp tb) póngame 12 onzas
b) ( buy regularly) comprarwe take The Globe — nosotros compramos or leemos The Globe
c) ( rent) \<\<cottage/apartment\>\> alquilar, coger* (Esp)10)a) ( acquire) \<\<lover\>\> buscarse*to take a wife/husband — casarse
b) ( sexually) (liter) \<\<woman\>\> poseer*11) ( of time) \<\<job/task\>\> llevar; \<\<process\>\> tardar; \<\<person\>\> tardar, demorar(se) (AmL)it took longer than expected — llevó or tomó más tiempo de lo que se creía
the letter took a week to arrive — la carta tardó or (AmL tb) se demoró una semana en llegar
12) ( need)it takes courage to do a thing like that — hay que tener or hace falta or se necesita valor para hacer algo así
to have (got) what it takes — (colloq) tener* lo que hay que tener or lo que hace falta
13)a) ( wear)what size shoes do you take? — ¿qué número calzas?
she takes a 14 — usa la talla or (RPl) el talle 14
b) ( Auto)c) ( Ling) construirse* con, regir*14) ( accept) \<\<money/bribes/job\>\> aceptardo you take checks? — ¿aceptan cheques?
take it or leave it — (set phrase) lo tomas o lo dejas
take that, you scoundrel! — (dated) toma, canalla!
15)a) (hold, accommodate)the tank takes/will take 42 liters — el tanque tiene una capacidad de 42 litros
b) (admit, receive) \<\<patients/pupils\>\> admitir, tomar, coger* (Esp)we don't take telephone reservations o (BrE) bookings — no aceptamos reservas por teléfono
16)a) (withstand, suffer) \<\<strain/weight\>\> aguantar; \<\<beating/blow\>\> recibirb) (tolerate, endure) aguantarI can't take it any longer! — no puedo más!, ya no aguanto más!
he can't take a joke — no sabe aceptar or no se le puede hacer una broma
c) ( bear)how is he taking it? — ¿qué tal lo lleva?
17)a) (understand, interpret) tomarseshe took it the wrong way — se lo tomó a mal, lo interpretó mal
to take something as read/understood — dar* algo por hecho/entendido
I take it that you didn't like him much — por lo que veo no te cayó muy bien; see also take for
b) ( consider) (in imperative) mirartake Japan, for example — mira el caso del Japón, por ejemplo
18)a) \<\<steps/measures\>\> tomar; \<\<exercise\>\> hacer*to take a walk/a step forward — dar* un paseo/un paso adelante
b) (supervise, deal with)would you take that call, please? — ¿puede atender esa llamada por favor?
19) ( Educ)a) ( teach) (BrE) darle* clase ab) ( learn) \<\<subject\>\> estudiar, hacer*; \<\<course\>\> hacer*to take an exam — hacer* or dar* or (CS) rendir* or (Méx) tomar un examen, examinarse (Esp)
20)a) ( record) tomarwe took regular readings — tomamos nota de la temperatura (or presión etc) a intervalos regulares
b) ( write down) \<\<notes\>\> tomar21) ( adopt)he takes the view that... — opina que..., es de la opinión de que...
she took an instant dislike to him — le tomó antipatía inmediatamente; see also liking a), offense 2) b), shape I 1) a)
2.
vi1)a) \<\<seed\>\> germinar; \<\<cutting\>\> prenderb) \<\<dye\>\> agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)2) ( receive) recibirall you do is take, take, take — no piensas más que en ti
•Phrasal Verbs:- take for- take in- take off- take on- take out- take to- take up
II
1) ( Cin) toma f2)a) ( earnings) ingresos mpl, recaudación fb) ( share) parte f; ( commission) comisión f[teɪk] (vb: pt took) (pp taken)1. VT1) (=remove) llevarse; (=steal) robar, llevarsewho took my beer? — ¿quién se ha llevado mi cerveza?
someone's taken my handbag — alguien se ha llevado mi bolso, alguien me ha robado el bolso
•
I picked up the letter but he took it from me — cogí la carta pero él me la quitó2) (=take hold of, seize) tomar, coger, agarrar (LAm)let me take your case/coat — permíteme tu maleta/abrigo
I'll take the blue one, please — me llevaré el azul
•
the devil take it! — ¡maldición! †•
take five! * — ¡hagan una pausa!, ¡descansen un rato!•
take your partners for a waltz — saquen a su pareja a bailar un vals•
please take a seat — tome asiento, por favoris this seat taken? — ¿está ocupado este asiento?
•
it took me by surprise — me cogió desprevenido, me pilló or agarró desprevenido (LAm)•
take ten! — (US) * ¡hagan una pausa!, ¡descansen un rato!•
to take a wife — † casarse, contraer matrimonio3) (=lead, transport) llevarher work took her to Bonn — su trabajó la destinó or llevó a Bonn
•
he took me home in his car — me llevó a casa en su coche•
they took me over the factory — me mostraron la fábrica, me acompañaron en una visita a la fábrica4) [+ bus, taxi] (=travel by) ir en; (at specified time) coger, tomar (esp LAm); [+ road, short cut] ir porwe took the five o'clock train — cogimos or tomamos el tren de las cinco
take the first on the right — vaya por or tome la primera calle a la derecha
5) (=capture) [+ person] coger, agarrar (LAm); [+ town, city] tomar; (Chess) comer6) (=obtain, win) [+ prize] ganar, llevarse; [+ 1st place] conseguir, obtener; [+ trick] ganar, hacerwe took £500 today — (Brit) (Comm) hoy hemos ganado 500 libras
7) (=accept, receive) [+ money] aceptar; [+ advice] seguir; [+ news, blow] tomar, recibir; [+ responsibility] asumir; [+ bet] aceptar, hacertake my advice, tell her the truth — sigue mi consejo or hazme caso y dile la verdad
what will you take for it? — ¿cuál es tu mejor precio?
•
London took a battering in 1941 — Londres recibió una paliza en 1941, Londres sufrió terriblemente en 1941•
will you take a cheque? — ¿aceptaría un cheque?•
you must take us as you find us — nos vas a tener que aceptar tal cual•
take it from me! — ¡escucha lo que te digo!you can take it from me that... — puedes tener la seguridad de que...
•
losing is hard to take — es difícil aceptar la derrota•
it's £50, take it or leave it! — son 50 libras, lo toma o lo dejawhisky? I can take it or leave it — ¿el whisky? ni me va ni me viene
•
I won't take no for an answer — no hay pero que valga•
he took a lot of punishment — (fig) le dieron muy duro•
take that! — ¡toma!8) (=rent) alquilar, tomar; (=buy regularly) [+ newspaper] comprar, leer9) (=have room or capacity for) tener cabida para; (=support weight of) aguantara car that takes five passengers — un coche con cabida para or donde caben cinco personas
can you take two more? — ¿puedes llevar dos más?, ¿caben otros dos?
10) (=wear) [+ clothes size] gastar, usar (LAm); [+ shoe size] calzarwhat size do you take? — (clothes) ¿qué talla usas?; (shoes) ¿qué número calzas?
11) (=call for, require) necesitar, requeririt takes a lot of courage — exige or requiere gran valor
•
it takes two to make a quarrel — uno solo no puede reñir•
she's got what it takes — tiene lo que hace falta12) (of time)•
I'll just iron this, it won't take long — voy a planchar esto, no tardaré or no me llevará mucho tiempotake your time! — ¡despacio!
13) (=conduct) [+ meeting, church service] presidir; (=teach) [+ course, class] enseñar; [+ pupils] tomar; (=study) [+ course] hacer; [+ subject] dar, estudiar; (=undergo) [+ exam, test] presentarse a, pasarwhat are you taking next year? — ¿qué vas a hacer or estudiar el año que viene?
•
to take a degree in — licenciarse en14) (=record) [+ sb's name, address] anotar, apuntar; [+ measurements] tomar15) (=understand, assume)I take it that... — supongo que..., me imagino que...
am I to take it that you refused? — ¿he de suponer que te negaste?
how old do you take him to be? — ¿cuántos años le das?
•
I took him for a doctor — lo tenía por médico, creí que era médicowhat do you take me for? — ¿por quién me has tomado?
•
I don't quite know how to take that — no sé muy bien cómo tomarme eso16) (=consider) [+ case, example] tomarnow take Ireland, for example — tomemos, por ejemplo, el caso de Irlanda, pongamos como ejemplo Irlanda
let us take the example of a family with three children — tomemos el ejemplo de una familia con tres hijos
take John, he never complains — por ejemplo John, él nunca se queja
taking one thing with another... — considerándolo todo junto..., considerándolo en conjunto...
17) (=put up with, endure) [+ treatment, climate] aguantar, soportarwe can take it — lo aguantamos or soportamos todo
•
I can't take any more! — ¡no aguanto más!, ¡no soporto más!•
I won't take any nonsense! — ¡no quiero oír más tonterías!18) (=eat) comer; (=drink) tomarwill you take sth before you go? — ¿quieres tomar algo antes de irte?
•
he took no food for four days — estuvo cuatro días sin comer•
he takes sugar in his tea — toma or pone azúcar en el té•
to take tea (with sb) — † tomar té (con algn)19) (=negotiate) [+ bend] tomar; [+ fence] saltar, saltar por encima de20) (=acquire)•
to be taken ill — ponerse enfermo, enfermar•
he took great pleasure in teasing her — se regodeaba tomándole el pelo•
I do not take any satisfaction in knowing that... — no experimento satisfacción alguna sabiendo que...21) (Ling) [+ case] regir22)• to be taken with sth/sb (=attracted) —
I'm not at all taken with the idea — la idea no me gusta nada or no me hace gracia
23) † liter (=have sexual intercourse with) tener relaciones sexuales con24) (as function verb) [+ decision, holiday] tomar; [+ step, walk] dar; [+ trip] hacer; [+ opportunity] aprovechar2. VI1) (=be effective) [dye] coger, agarrar (LAm); [vaccination, fire] prender; [glue] pegar2) (Bot) [cutting] arraigar3) (=receive)giveshe's all take, take, take — ella mucho dame, dame, pero luego no da nada
3. N1) (Cine) toma f3)- be on the take4) (=share) parte f ; (=commission) comisión f, tajada * f5) * (=opinion) opinión fwhat's your take on the new government? — ¿qué piensas de or qué opinión te merece el nuevo gobierno?
- take in- take off- take on- take out- take to- take upTAKE Both t ardar and llevar can be used to translate take with {time}. ► Use tar dar (en + ((infinitive))) to describe how long someone or something will take to do something. The subject of tardar is the person or thing that has to complete the activity or undergo the process:
How long do letters take to get to Spain? ¿Cuánto (tiempo) tardan las cartas en llegar a España?
How much longer will it take you to do it? ¿Cuánto más vas a tardar en hacerlo?
It'll take us three hours to get to Douglas if we walk Tardaremos tres horas en llegar a Douglas si vamos andando ► Use lle var to describe how long an activity, task or process takes to complete. The subject of llevar is the activity or task:
The tests will take at least a month Las pruebas llevarán por lo menos un mes
How long will it take? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevará? ► Compare the different focus in the alternative translations of the following example:
It'll take me two more days to finish this job Me llevará dos días más terminar este trabajo, Tardaré dos días más en terminar este trabajo For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *
I
1. [teɪk]2) (carry, lead, drive) llevarshall I take the chairs inside/upstairs? — ¿llevo las sillas adentro/arriba?, ¿meto/subo las sillas?
I'll take you up/down to the third floor — subo/bajo contigo al tercer piso, te llevo al tercer piso
to take the dog (out) for a walk — sacar* el perro a pasear
this path takes you to the main road — este camino lleva or por este camino se llega a la carretera
3)a) \<\<train/plane/bus/taxi\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp)are you taking the car? — ¿vas a ir en coche?
we took the elevator (AmE) o (BrE) lift to the restaurant — tomamos or (esp Esp) cogimos el ascensor para subir/bajar al restaurante
b) \<\<road/turning\>\> tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)c) \<\<bend\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp); \<\<fence\>\> saltar4)a) (grasp, seize) tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)he took her by the hand — la tomó or (esp AmL) la agarró or (esp Esp) la cogió de la mano
b) ( take charge of)may I take your coat? — ¿me permite el abrigo?
would you mind taking the baby for a moment? — ¿me tienes al niño un momento?
c) ( occupy)take a seat — siéntese, tome asiento (frml)
5) (remove, steal) llevarse6) ( catch)he was taken completely unawares — lo agarró or (esp Esp) lo cogió completamente desprevenido
to be taken ill — caer* enfermo
7)a) ( capture) \<\<town/fortress/position\>\> tomar; \<\<pawn/piece\>\> comerb) ( win) \<\<prize/title\>\> llevarse, hacerse* con; \<\<game/set\>\> ganarc) ( receive as profit) hacer*, sacar*8) \<\<medicine/drugs\>\> tomarhave you taken your tablets? — ¿te has tomado las pastillas?
9)a) (buy, order) llevar(se)I'll take 12 ounces — déme or (Esp tb) póngame 12 onzas
b) ( buy regularly) comprarwe take The Globe — nosotros compramos or leemos The Globe
c) ( rent) \<\<cottage/apartment\>\> alquilar, coger* (Esp)10)a) ( acquire) \<\<lover\>\> buscarse*to take a wife/husband — casarse
b) ( sexually) (liter) \<\<woman\>\> poseer*11) ( of time) \<\<job/task\>\> llevar; \<\<process\>\> tardar; \<\<person\>\> tardar, demorar(se) (AmL)it took longer than expected — llevó or tomó más tiempo de lo que se creía
the letter took a week to arrive — la carta tardó or (AmL tb) se demoró una semana en llegar
12) ( need)it takes courage to do a thing like that — hay que tener or hace falta or se necesita valor para hacer algo así
to have (got) what it takes — (colloq) tener* lo que hay que tener or lo que hace falta
13)a) ( wear)what size shoes do you take? — ¿qué número calzas?
she takes a 14 — usa la talla or (RPl) el talle 14
b) ( Auto)c) ( Ling) construirse* con, regir*14) ( accept) \<\<money/bribes/job\>\> aceptardo you take checks? — ¿aceptan cheques?
take it or leave it — (set phrase) lo tomas o lo dejas
take that, you scoundrel! — (dated) toma, canalla!
15)a) (hold, accommodate)the tank takes/will take 42 liters — el tanque tiene una capacidad de 42 litros
b) (admit, receive) \<\<patients/pupils\>\> admitir, tomar, coger* (Esp)we don't take telephone reservations o (BrE) bookings — no aceptamos reservas por teléfono
16)a) (withstand, suffer) \<\<strain/weight\>\> aguantar; \<\<beating/blow\>\> recibirb) (tolerate, endure) aguantarI can't take it any longer! — no puedo más!, ya no aguanto más!
he can't take a joke — no sabe aceptar or no se le puede hacer una broma
c) ( bear)how is he taking it? — ¿qué tal lo lleva?
17)a) (understand, interpret) tomarseshe took it the wrong way — se lo tomó a mal, lo interpretó mal
to take something as read/understood — dar* algo por hecho/entendido
I take it that you didn't like him much — por lo que veo no te cayó muy bien; see also take for
b) ( consider) (in imperative) mirartake Japan, for example — mira el caso del Japón, por ejemplo
18)a) \<\<steps/measures\>\> tomar; \<\<exercise\>\> hacer*to take a walk/a step forward — dar* un paseo/un paso adelante
b) (supervise, deal with)would you take that call, please? — ¿puede atender esa llamada por favor?
19) ( Educ)a) ( teach) (BrE) darle* clase ab) ( learn) \<\<subject\>\> estudiar, hacer*; \<\<course\>\> hacer*to take an exam — hacer* or dar* or (CS) rendir* or (Méx) tomar un examen, examinarse (Esp)
20)a) ( record) tomarwe took regular readings — tomamos nota de la temperatura (or presión etc) a intervalos regulares
b) ( write down) \<\<notes\>\> tomar21) ( adopt)he takes the view that... — opina que..., es de la opinión de que...
she took an instant dislike to him — le tomó antipatía inmediatamente; see also liking a), offense 2) b), shape I 1) a)
2.
vi1)a) \<\<seed\>\> germinar; \<\<cutting\>\> prenderb) \<\<dye\>\> agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)2) ( receive) recibirall you do is take, take, take — no piensas más que en ti
•Phrasal Verbs:- take for- take in- take off- take on- take out- take to- take up
II
1) ( Cin) toma f2)a) ( earnings) ingresos mpl, recaudación fb) ( share) parte f; ( commission) comisión f -
16 computer
1) компьютер; вычислительная машина; ЭВМ; вычислительное устройство; вычислитель; редк. процессор2) редк. счётная машина (см. тж calculator, machine)•- adaptive computer
- airborne computer
- all-applications computer
- all-purpose computer
- alternating-current analog computer
- analog computer
- analog-digital computer
- arbitrary sequence computer
- associative computer
- asynchronous computer
- automotive computer
- baby-sized computer
- back-end computer
- batch-oriented computer
- battery-operated computer
- binary computer
- binary-transfer computer
- board computer
- boutique computer
- brand-name computer
- breadboard computer
- buffered computer
- business computer
- business-oriented computer
- byte computer
- byte-organized computer
- byte-oriented computer
- cassette-based computer
- census computer
- central computer
- character-oriented computer
- chemical-based computer
- chess computer
- CISC computer
- commercial computer
- commodity computer
- communication computer
- communications oriented computer
- compatible computer
- complete-instruction-set computer
- concurrent computer
- consecutive computer
- consecutive sequence computer
- continuously acting computer
- control computer
- control flow computer
- correlation computer
- coupled computers
- cryogenic computer
- cryotron computer
- custom computer
- database computer
- data-flow computer
- decimal computer
- dedicated computer
- desk computer
- desk-size computer
- desk-top computer
- dialing set computer
- dial set computer
- digital computer
- direct execution computer
- direct-analogy computer
- direct-current computer
- diskless computer
- distributed logic computer
- drum computer
- dual-processor computer
- education computer
- electromechanical analog computer
- electronic tube computer
- electron tube computer
- electronic computer
- end-user computer
- ever-faster computer
- externally programmed computer
- fault-tolerant computer
- fifth-generation computer
- file computer
- first-generation computer
- fixed word-length computer
- fixed-point computer
- fixed-program computer
- flat screen computer
- floating-point computer
- fluid computer
- four-address computer
- fourth-generation computer
- fractional computer
- front-end computer
- gateway computer
- general-purpose computer
- giant computer
- giant-powered computer
- giant-scale computer
- giant-size computer
- gigacycle computer
- gigahertz computer
- guidance computer
- handheld computer
- high-end computer
- high-function computer
- high-level language computer
- high-level computer
- highly parallel computer
- high-performance computer
- high-speed computer
- hobby computer
- home banking computer
- home computer
- host computer
- hybrid computer
- IBM-compatible computer
- IC computer
- incompatible computer
- incremental computer
- industrial computer
- integrated circuit computer
- interface computer
- interim computer
- intermediate computer
- internally programmed computer
- Internet computer
- keyboard computer
- kid computer
- laptop computer
- large computer
- large-powered computer
- large-scale computer
- large-scale integration circuit computer
- large-size computer
- laser computer
- linkage computer
- local computer
- logical computer
- logic computer
- logic-controlled sequential computer
- logic-in-memory computer
- low-end computer
- low-profile computer
- low-speed computer
- LSI computer
- mainframe computer
- massively parallel computer
- master computer
- mechanical computer
- medium computer
- medium-powered computer
- medium-size computer
- medium-speed computer
- medium-to-large scale computer
- mediun-scale computer
- megacycle computer
- megahertz computer
- microprogrammable computer
- microwave computer
- mid-range computer
- molecular computer
- monoprocessor computer
- multiaddress computer
- multi-MIPS computer
- multiple-access computer
- multiple-user computer
- multiprocessor computer
- multiprogrammed computer
- multipurpose computer
- multiradix computer
- navigation computer
- net node computer
- networked computer
- N-node computer
- no-address computer
- node computer
- nonsequential computer
- nonstop computer
- non-von Neumann computer
- notebook computer
- object computer
- office computer
- off-the-shelf computer
- one-address computer
- one-and-half-address computer
- one-on-one computer
- one-purpose computer
- optical computer
- optical path computer
- original computer
- palm-size computer - parallel-processing computer
- parallel-serial computer
- parametric-electronic computer
- parametron computer
- pen-based computer
- pentop computer
- perihperal support computer
- peripheral computer
- personal computer
- pictorial computer
- pipeline computer
- plugboard computer
- plug-compatible computer
- plugged program computer
- pneumatic computer
- pocket computer
- Polish-string computer
- polynomial computer
- portable computer
- process control computer
- production control computer
- professional computer
- professional personal computer
- program-compatible computer
- program-controlled computer
- programmed computer
- punch-card computer
- rack-size computer
- radix two computer
- real-time computer
- recovering computer
- reduced instruction set computer
- reduction computer
- remote computer
- repetitive computer
- RISC computer
- satellite computer
- scientific computer
- second-generation computer
- secondhand computer
- self-adapting computer
- self-organizing computer
- self-programming computer
- self-repairing computer
- self-repair computer
- sensor-based computer
- sequence-controlled computer
- sequenced computer
- sequential computer
- serial computer
- service computer
- service-oriented computer
- SIMD computer
- simultaneous-operation computer
- simultaneous computer
- single-address computer
- single-board computer
- single-purpose computer
- single-user computer
- slave computer
- small computer
- small-powered computer
- small-scale computer
- small-size computer
- soft-compatible computer
- solid-state computer
- SOS computer
- source computer
- space computer
- spaceborne computer
- special-purpose computer
- special computer
- square-root computer
- stack-oriented computer
- standby computer
- statistical computer
- steering computer
- stored-program computer
- subscriber computer
- super computer
- superconductive computer
- superhigh-speed computer
- superpersonal computer
- superspeed computer
- supervisory computer
- switch-control computer
- switching computer
- symbolic computer
- synchronous computer
- synchronous tracking computer
- tagged computer
- talking computer
- target computer
- technical computer
- technical personal computer
- terminal computer
- terminal control computer
- ternary-transfer computer
- tessellated computer
- thermal computer
- thin-film memory computer
- third-generation computer
- three-address computer
- three-dimensional analog computer
- timeshared computer
- top level computer
- top-of-the-line computer
- toy computer
- training computer
- transformation computer
- transistorized computer
- transistor computer
- translating computer
- tridimensional analog computer
- trip computer
- truth-table computer
- Turing-type computer
- two-address computer
- ultrafast computer
- underlying computer
- user computer
- vacuum tube computer
- variable word-length computer
- very-high-speed computer
- video-and-cassette-based computer
- virtual computer
- von Neumann computer
- wearable computer
- weather computer
- wired-program computer
- word-oriented computer
- workgroup computer
- X-computer
- zero-address computerEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > computer
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17 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
18 plate
1. пластина; плита2. стереотип; гальваностереотип; стереотипировать; изготовлять гальваностереотип3. фотопластинка4. наносить гальваническое покрытие5. гравюра; эстамп; вкладная иллюстрация6. экслибрис7. удалять краску с пробельных элементов формы8. вымывать неэкспонированные участки фотоформыadhesive mounted plate — печатная форма, закреплённая приклеиванием
9. алюминиевая офсетная формная пластина10. алюминиевая офсетная печатная формаplate thickness — толщина пластины, толщина печатной формы
11. алюминиевая формная пластина12. алюминиевая печатная формаaqueous-developed plate — печатная форма, получаемая с использованием водного проявления
Ben Day plate — клише, в котором часть элементов изображения создана тангированием
13. изогнутая стереотипная печатная форма14. биметаллическая формная пластина15. биметаллическая печатная формаblank plate — пластина, подготовленная для гравирования
bridge plate — направляющий мостик, направляющая пластина
chalk plate — стальная пластина, покрытая мелом
16. фототипная печатная форма17. фототипная вкладная иллюстрация18. многокрасочная иллюстрация19. клише для многокрасочной печати; цветоделённая печатная формаcolor line plate — гальваностереотип, подлитый способом «колор лайн»
combination halftone-and-line plate — смешанная печатная форма, содержащая растровые и штриховые изображения
computer output printed paper plate — бумажная печатная форма с выходными данными, полученными из ЭВМ
conversion plate — форма глубокой печати, изготовленная с офсетной фотоформы
20. круглый стереотип21. изогнутая печатная формаdata plate — табличка основных параметров; фирменная табличка
deep-etch plate — офсетная печатная форма с углублёнными печатающими элементами, форма глубокого офсета
22. высекальный штамп23. штемпель, штемпельная пластина, штемпельная формаdiffusion transfer plate — форма, полученная способом диффузионного переноса изображения
direct image plate — форма с прямым изображением ; печатная форма, полученная прямым копированием
24. распашная иллюстрация; распашной вкладной лист25. форма для печатания распашной иллюстрацииduplicate plate — дубликат клише, форма-дубликат; вторичная печатная форма, стереотипная печатная форма, стереотип
26. форма, полученная гравированием27. стапельный стол самонаклада28. подающая планка; толкатель самонаклада29. плоская печатная форма30. слабая печатная формаplate copy — копия, полученная с формы
31. слабый диапозитив или негативflexo plate — флексографская печатная форма, форма флексографской печати
32. кассета фальцевальной машины33. сфальцованная иллюстрация34. неподвижный бортик, пластина для долевой загибки ткани35. рабочая пластина переднего упора36. передний упор37. полосная вкладная иллюстрация38. вкладной лист, имеющий формат страницыhalftone plate — растровая печатная форма; растровое клише
halftone color plate — растровое клише для многокрасочной печати; растровая цветоделённая печатная форма
hand-engraved plate — форма глубокой печати, полученная ручным способом
hard edges plate — растровое клише, дающее более тёмное изображение по краям
high speed projection plate — формная пластина высокой светочувствительности для проекционной съёмки
imaged plate — копия, экспонированная формная пластина
image receiving plate — пластина, воспринимающая изображение
ink plate — раскатная плита, красочная плита
laminated plate — ламинированная формная пластина; тонкая листовая форма
line plate — штриховая печатная форма; штриховое клише
39. форма плоской печати40. офсетная формная пластинаlithographic electrostatic printing plate — офсетная печатная форма, изготовленная электростатическим способом
41. магниевая формная пластина42. магниевая печатная формаmagnetic plate — печатная форма с металлической подложкой для крепления на магнитном формном цилиндре
43. эталонная печатная форма44. шрифтоноситель на пластинеminus plate — печатная форма, на которой печатающие элементы расположены ниже непечатающих
45. полиметаллическая формная пластина46. полиметаллическая офсетная форма47. выворотная форма48. формная пластина с негативным копировальным слоем49. печатная форма негативного копирования50. фотополимерная форма высокой печати типа «найлопринт»51. фотополимеризующаяся пластина типа «найлопринт»offset paper plate — бумажная офсетная форма, офсетная форма на гидрофильной бумаге
52. бумажная формная пластина53. бумажная печатная формаpattern plate — оригинальная форма, предназначенная для матрицирования
photodirect plate — бумажная формная пластина с ортохроматическим покрытием на основе галоидного серебра
54. фотополимерная пластина55. фотополимерная печатная форма56. печатная форма, полученная на пластмассовой пластине прямым способом, полимерная печатная формаswash plate — диск, насаженный на ось не под прямым углом
57. пластмассовый стереотипplus plate — печатная форма, на которой печатающие элементы возвышаются над непечатающими
58. диапозитив на фотопластинке59. формная пластина с позитивным копировальным слоемguide plate — направляющая пластина; кондуктор
60. печатная форма позитивного копированияpositive-acting plate — офсетная пластина, имеющая после копирования видимое прямое изображение
positive working printing plate — позитивная формная пластина, формная пластина позитивного копирования
powder etched plate — печатная форма, вытравленная с припудриванием
powderless etched plate — печатная форма, вытравленная без припудривания
pressing plate — прессующая губка, прессующая пластина
press-ready plate — форма, готовая к печати
61. формная пластина62. форма для многокрасочного печатания63. репродукционная фотопластинка64. перфорированная печатная форма; печатная форма с перфорированными краями65. форма с пробитыми приводочными отверстиями66. планка механизма бокового равнения67. металлическая пластина на переднем краю накладного столаregistered plate — форма, установленная в положение точной приводки
68. ребристый стереотип69. ребристая печатная формаscan plate — клише, изготовленное на фотоэлектрогравировальной машине
70. клише, имеющее растр на штрихах и заливках рисунка71. растровое клише72. очувствлённая формная пластина73. светочувствительная фотопластинкаshort-lived plate — печатная форма, имеющая малую тиражестойкость
stereotype plate — стереотип, стереотипная печатная форма, вторичная печатная форма
74. офсетная формная пластина субтрактивного типа75. форма позитивного копированияtension lock-up plate — печатная форма, закреплённая натягом
test printing plate — контрольная печатная форма, тест-форма, печатная форма для контрольных испытаний
tipped-in plate — приклеенная иллюстрация, вклейка
76. триметаллическая формная пластина77. триметаллическая печатная формаtub-grained plate — пластина, зернённая шариками
water-cooled plate — форма, охлаждаемая водой, форма с водяным охлаждением
water-developed plate — копия, проявляемая водой
web supporting plate — лентонаправляющая пластина; пластина, служащая опорой для ленты
78. офсетная пластина для изготовления формы способом натирания79. офсетная печатная форма, изготовленная способом натиранияplate supporting surface — поверхность, несущая печатную форму
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19 machine
станок; машина || обрабатывать на станкеto machine all over — обрабатывать ( изделие) кругом
to CNC machine — обрабатывать на станке с ЧПУ, обрабатывать на станке с ЧПУ типа CNC, обрабатывать изделие на станке с ЧПУ, обрабатывать изделие на станке с ЧПУ типа CNC
to fix a machine — налаживать станок; ремонтировать станок
to machine off — срезать; отрезать
to machine the feature — обрабатывать элемент, обрабатывать элемент изделия
to program the machine — программировать ( обработку) на станке
machine with sliding frame — станок с подвижной рамой, станок с перемещающейся рамой
- 2 m3 machinemachine with traveling table for shaping — станок с подвижным столом для раскроя по формату, станок с перемещающимся столом для раскроя по формату
- 3-axis NC machine
- 50-taper machine
- 630-mm-class machine
- 90º plate shearing machine
- 90º sheet shearing machine
- above resonance-balancing machine
- abrasion testing machine
- abrasive belt head machine
- abrasive belt-grinding machine
- abrasive cold-sawing machine
- abrasive cutting-off machine
- abrasive disk machine
- abrasive electrochemical machine
- abrasive metal-cutting machine
- abrasive wear-testing machine
- AC machine
- accounting machine
- acyclic machine
- adapting machine
- adaptive control machine
- adaptive controlled machine
- adding machine
- adjustable multiple-spindle drilling machine
- adjustable rail machine
- adjustable rail milling machine
- advanced technology machine
- air-drying machine
- airspace profiling machine
- align boring machine
- all-electric machine
- all-geared machine
- all-hydraulic machine
- all-purpose machine
- all-steel machine
- alterating impact testing machine
- alterating stress testing machine
- aluminum machine
- analog machine
- ancillary inspection machine
- angle straightening machine
- angle-bending machine
- angle-iron bending machine
- angle-iron shearing machine
- anthropomorphic machine
- arm tapping machine
- armoring machine
- articulating arm tapping machine
- artificial intelligence-driven machine
- AS/R machine
- aspheric diamond turning machine
- assembling machine
- assembly machine
- ATC machine
- ATC-equipped machine
- atomic X-ray machine
- attrition testing machine
- autochucking machine
- automatic arc welding machine
- automatic assembly machine
- automatic bar machine
- automatic buffing machine
- automatic chucking machine
- automatic chucking-and-turning machine
- automatic continuous drum milling machine
- automatic data processing machine
- automatic drill fluting machine
- automatic forging machine
- automatic gas-cutting machine
- automatic gas-welding machine
- automatic machine
- automatic metal forming machine
- automatic polishing machine
- automatic punching machine
- automatic screw machine
- automatic straightening and cutting machine
- automatic strip-straightening machine
- automatic tapping machine
- automatic toolchanger machine
- automatic toolchanging machine
- automatic turret machine
- axial fatigue machine
- axis-controlled machine
- axle turning machine
- balancing machine
- baling machine
- ball race grinding machine
- ball screw machine
- ball-grinding machine
- ball-hardness testing machine
- balling machine
- band cutoff machine
- band machine
- band metal shearing machine
- band-filing machine
- band-grinding machine
- banding machine
- band-polishing machine
- bandsaw blade grinding machine
- bandsaw machine
- bandsaw welding machine
- bandsaw-brazing machine
- bandsawing machine
- bandsaw-sharpening machine
- bar automatic turning machine
- bar feed machine
- bar feed turning machine
- bar machine
- bar-and-chucking machine
- bar-and-chucking turning machine
- bar-and-tube straightening machine
- bar-bending machine
- bar-chamfering machine
- bar-cutting machine
- bar-pointing machine
- bar-polishing machine
- barreling machine
- bar-shearing machine
- bar-skimming machine
- bar-straightening machine
- bar-tagging machine
- bar-type boring machine
- base-type milling machine
- basic machine
- batch-produced machine
- battery spot-welding machine
- beading machine
- bearing roller lapping machine
- bed-type configuration machine
- bed-type drilling machine
- bed-type machine
- bed-type milling machine
- below resonance balancing machine
- belt-driven machine
- belt-grinding machine
- belt-polishing machine
- bench-grinding machine
- bench-mounted machine
- bench-top machine
- bench-type machine
- bending and forming machine
- bending machine
- between-centers turning machine
- bevel gear hobbing machine for spiral bevel gears
- bevel gear hobbing machine for straight gears
- bevel gear lapping machine
- bevel gear making machine
- bevel gear testing machine
- bevel grinding machine
- beveling machine
- bidirectional broaching machine
- binding machine
- bipedal walking machine
- bitting machine
- blade-edging machine
- blade-grinding machine
- blanking machine
- blending machine
- blind spline broach machine
- blind spline broaching machine
- block-and-head broaching machine
- blocked machine
- blower machine
- blowing machine
- blow-ramming molding machine
- blue-print machine
- blue-printing machine
- bobbin machine
- bolt head forging machine
- bolting machine
- bolt-maker machine
- bolt-making machine
- bolt-pointing machine
- bolt-screwing machine
- bolt-threading machine
- bolt-upsetting machine
- bonded machine
- bore centerless grinding machine
- bore-sizing machine
- bore-slotting machine
- boring and milling machine
- boring machine
- boring/facing machine
- boring, drilling and milling machine
- boring, milling and drilling machine
- bottleneck machine
- box-column drilling machine
- bracket-drilling machine
- bracket-milling machine
- braiding machine
- brazing machine
- breaking machine
- bridge machine
- Bridgeport milling machine
- bridge-type milling machine
- Brinell's machine
- broach pulldown machine
- broach-and-center machine
- broach-grinding machine
- broaching tool sharpening machine
- broach-sharpening machine
- brushing machine
- buffing machine
- built-from-scratch machine
- bunching machine
- burn machine
- burning machine
- burnishing machine
- burr-cutting machine
- burring machine
- busy machine
- butt-seam welding machine
- butt-welding machine
- by-level broaching machine
- cabinet-based machine
- cable tension testing machine
- cable-making machine
- cable-stranding machine
- cam automatic screw machine
- cam machine
- cam-controlled machine
- cam-controlled screw machine
- cam-cutting machine
- cam-driven machine
- cam-driven screw machine
- cam-grinding machine
- cam-measuring machine
- cammed screw machine
- cam-milling machine
- cam-operated screw machine
- camshaft-grinding machine
- capable machine
- capacitor discharge spot-welding machine
- capacitor spot-welding machine
- capstan drive machine
- car wheel grinding machine
- carbide tool grinding machine
- carbide tool lapping machine
- carousel machine
- cast iron machine
- cast machine
- casting cleaning machine
- casting machine
- casting washing machine
- cavity sinking EDM machine
- cell machine
- center column rotary index machine
- center column rotary indexing machine
- center hole grinding machine
- center hole lapping machine
- center-drilling machine
- centerdrive machine
- centering and end facing machine
- centering and facing machine
- centering machine
- centerless bar turning machine
- centerless cylindrical grinding machine
- centerless grinding machine
- centerless lapping machine
- centerless polishing machine
- centerless turning machine
- center-type machine
- center-type turning machine
- centrifugal babbiting machine
- centrifugal casting machine
- centrifugal machine
- centrifugal sand-throwing machine
- ceramic-cutting machine
- chain broaching machine
- chain making machine
- chain shotblasting machine
- chain tension testing machine
- chain testing machine
- chain-operated broaching machine
- chamfering machine
- charge-discharge machine
- Charpy impact machine
- Charpy machine
- charting machine
- check balancing machine
- checking machine
- chip-making machine
- chip-producing machine
- chucker machine
- chucker-and-bar machine
- chucking machine
- circle cutting machine
- circuit board drilling machine
- circular cold sawing machine
- circular continuous milling machine
- circular cutoff machine
- circular dividing machine
- circular graduating machine
- circular grinding machine
- circular hot sawing machine
- circular saw blade grinding machine
- circular saw sharpening machine
- circular sawing machine
- circular seam-welding machine
- circumferential seam-welding machine
- cleaning machine
- closing machine
- CNC high-speed routing machine
- CNC machine
- CNC screw machine
- CNC Swiss-type screw machine
- CNC/CMM machine
- CNC-manual machine
- CNC-operated machine
- CNC-retrofitted machine
- CO2 laser cutting machine
- coil banding machine
- coil downending machine
- coiling machine
- coil-processing machine
- coil-strapping machine
- coil-stripping machine
- coil-winding machine
- coil-wrapping machine
- cold saw-cutting-off machine
- cold thread rolling machine
- cold upsetting machine
- cold-chamber die-casting machine
- cold-forging machine
- cold-forming machine
- cold-heading machine
- cold-sawing machine
- collecting machine
- column drilling machine
- column-and-knee-type machine
- column-and-knee-type milling machine
- combination jarring squeezing molding machine
- combined boring-and-honing machine
- combined curve-cutting and nibbling machine
- combined gear hobbing and gear shaping machine
- combined machine
- combined milling-turning machine
- combined planing-and-milling machine
- combined shearing machine
- combined surface planing and thicknessing machine
- combined vertical and horizontal broaching machine
- commercial machine
- commutator machine
- complementary machines
- component cleaning machine
- component insertion machine
- composite boring-and-honing machine
- compound machine
- compound table machine
- compound universal milling machine
- compressed air driven machine
- compressed gas machine
- compression-testing machine
- compression-type machine
- computer-controlled industrial machine
- computer-controlled machine
- computerized machine
- computing machine
- condenser spot-welding machine
- cone pulley machine
- conical rotor machine
- constant cycling machine
- container erecting-and-forming machine
- container-cleaning machine
- container-washing machine
- continuous chain broaching machine
- continuous drum milling machine
- continuous motion machine
- continuous motion orienting-and-tapping machine
- continuous path NC machine
- continuous path tape controlled machine
- continuous roll-forming machine
- continuous rotary milling machine
- continuous tapping machine
- continuous wire EDM machine
- continuous wire machine
- continuous-casting machine with bending discharge
- continuous-casting machine
- continuously running machine
- contour band machine
- contour production machine
- contour squeeze molding machine
- contouring band machine
- contouring machine
- contour-milling machine
- contour-shaping machine
- controlling machine
- conventional machine
- conventional manually-operated machine
- conventionally operated machine
- converted lathe-and-milling machine
- converted machine
- convertible planing machine
- conveying machine
- cooling machine
- coordinate boring machine
- coordinate boring-and-milling machine
- coordinate drilling machine
- coordinate drilling-boring-and-milling machine
- coordinate inspection machine
- coordinate measuring machine
- coping machine
- copy control machine
- copy grinding machine
- copying machine
- copy-milling machine
- copy-piercing machine
- copy-planing machine
- core blowing machine
- core jarring machine
- core shooting machine
- core wire straightening machine
- core-making machine
- corrosion-fatigue testing machine
- corrugating machine
- countersink machine
- countersinking machine
- coupling machine
- crack detection machine
- crankpin-turning machine
- crankshaft-balancing machine
- crankshaft-grinding machine
- crankshaft-lapping machine
- crankshaft-milling machine
- crankshaft-regrinding machine
- crank-shaping machine
- crank-slotting machine
- creasing machine
- creep feed grinding machine
- creep testing machine
- crimping machine
- crocodile shearing machine
- cropping machine
- cross roll-forging machine
- cross-wire welding machine
- crosswise veneer splicing machine
- crushing machine
- cupping machine
- curling machine
- curtain coating machine
- curve-cutting machine
- curved tooth bevel gear cutting machine
- curve-milling machine
- curvilinear slotting machine
- curving machine
- custom metalcutting machine
- custom-assembled machine
- custom-build machine
- customized machine
- cutoff band machine
- cutoff machine
- cutter inspection machine
- cutter-checking machine
- cutter-grinding machine
- cutter-relieving machine
- cutting machine with coordinate drive
- cutting machine
- cutting-off machine
- cylinder-boring machine
- cylinder-grinding machine
- cylinder-honing machine
- cylindrical coordinate-measuring machine
- cylindrical external grinding machine
- cylindrical gear hobbing machine
- cylindrical gear shaping machine
- cylindrical rotor machine
- cylindrical turning machine
- cylindrical-die thread-rolling machine
- data processing machine
- database machine
- DCC coordinate measuring machine
- De Levaud casting machine
- deburring machine
- decoiling machine
- dedicated proving machine
- dedicated special machine
- deencapsulation machine
- deep drawing machine
- deep hole boring machine
- deep hole drilling machine
- deep hole drilling/boring machine
- deep rolling machine
- defective machine
- degreasing machine
- descaling machine
- deseaming machine
- desktop machine
- destination machine
- detangling machine
- detwisting machine
- development machine
- dial machine
- dial-index machine
- dial-indexing machine
- dial-type machine
- dial-type transfer machine
- diamond die polishing machine
- diamond machine
- diamond pyramid hardness machine
- diamond-boring machine
- diamond-contouring machine
- diamond-honing machine
- diamond-impregnated wire cutting machine
- diamond-turning machine
- die head chaser grinding machine
- die-and-mold grinding machine
- die-casting machine
- die-filing machine
- die-grinding machine
- die-milling machine
- die-polishing machine
- die-ripping machine
- die-shaping machine
- die-sinking and hole-contouring machine
- die-sinking machine
- die-sinking milling machine
- die-sinking spark erosion machine
- die-stamping machine
- digging machine
- digitizing and scanning machine
- digitizing machine
- digitizing/cutting machine
- digitizing-metalcutting machine
- dimensional gaging machine
- direct computer controlled machine
- direct current commutator machine
- direct stress machine
- direct stress testing machine
- direct-drive machine
- discharge machine
- disk machine
- disk sanding machine
- disk-cutting machine
- disk-grinding machine
- disk-resurfacing machine
- dividing machine
- DMM machine
- DNC-controlled machine
- DNC-like machine
- DNC-supported machine
- double duplex milling machine
- double portal cutting machine
- double wheel lapping machine
- double-cantilever cutting machine
- double-column milling machine
- double-column planing machine
- double-column slideway grinding machine
- double-disk grinding machine
- double-end facing-and-centering machine
- double-end fine boring machine
- double-end grinding machine
- double-end machine
- double-end mill-and-centering machine
- double-end milling machine
- double-ended centering and end-facing machine
- double-ended centering machine
- double-ended drilling machine
- double-ended machine
- double-ended milling machine
- double-faced mill-and-centering machine
- double-fed asynchronous machine
- double-gantry milling machine
- double-head machine
- double-housing machine
- double-housing milling machine
- double-lap lapping and polishing machine
- double-punching machine
- double-ram vertical broaching machine
- double-roll forming machine
- double-shaping machine
- double-slide vertical broaching machine
- double-strand pig machine
- dovetailing machine
- dowel-insert machine
- down machine
- downstroking machine
- drafting machine
- draw machine
- drawing machine
- dream machine
- dressing machine
- drill and tap machine
- drill fluting machine
- drill machine
- drill press machine
- drill/tap machine
- drill-grinding machine
- drillhead-changing machine
- drilling machine
- drilling, milling and boring machine
- drilling-and-boring machine
- drilling-and-counterboring machine
- drilling-and-milling machine
- drilling-and-routing machine
- drilling-and-tapping machine
- drilling-and-threading machine
- drilling-tapping machine
- drill-layout machine
- drooping-characteristic machine
- drop-testing machine
- drum-type continuous milling machine
- drum-type milling machine
- dry cutting machine
- dry-floor machine
- drying machine
- dual co-axial spindle and subspindle turning machine
- dual controlled manual/CNC machine
- dual machine
- dual planing-and-milling machine
- dual-gantry machine
- dual-head machine
- dual-pallet machine
- dual-purpose machine
- dual-ram surface-broaching machine
- dual-station machine
- ductility testing machine
- dummy machine
- dumping molding machine
- duplex machine for rail ends
- duplex machine
- duplex multiple spindle machine
- duplex vertical broaching machine
- duplex-head milling machine
- duplex-manufacturing bed-type milling machine
- duplex-type of surface broaching machine
- duplicating machine
- duplicating milling machine
- dynamic balancing machine
- eager-beaver pulldown broaching machine
- earth-moving machine
- EB welding machine
- ECM machine
- economically priced machine
- ED grinding machine
- ED wire cutting machine
- ED-copying machine
- ED-cutting-off machine
- eddy current machine
- eddy current test machine
- edge-beveling machine
- edge-chamfering machine
- edge-cutting machine
- edge-knurling machine
- edge-milling machine
- edge-planing machine
- edge-trimming machine
- edging machine
- EDM diesinking machine
- EDM machine
- EDM texturing machine
- EDM wire machine
- EDM wire-cut machine
- ED-sinking machine
- educational machine
- efficiency testing machine
- eight-axis NC machine
- electric drive machine
- electric machine
- electric molding machine
- electrical discharge die-sinking and hole-contouring machine
- electrical discharge machine
- electrical discharge outcutting machine
- electrical discharge profiling machine
- electrically-operated machine
- electric-spark cutting machine
- electrochemical grinding machine
- electrode feeding machine
- electro-discharge drilling machine
- electro-discharge grinding machine
- electrolytic grinding machine
- electrolytic machine
- electrolytic tinning machine
- electrolytically assisted cutting-off machine
- electrolytically assisted machine
- electromagnetic molding machine
- electron beam drilling machine
- electron beam machine
- electron beam welding machine
- electronic data processing machine
- electroplating machine
- electrostatic stored-energy machine
- elevating beam boring machine
- elevating head milling machine
- elevating machine
- elevating rail machine
- elevator machine
- embossing machine
- encapsulating machine
- end preparation machine
- end-finishing machine
- end-finishing-centering machine
- end-grinding machine
- ending-and-centering machine
- end-turning machine
- endurance testing machine for repeated torsion
- endurance testing machine
- end-working machine
- energy machine
- energy transforming machine
- energy-intensive machine
- engraving form duplicating machine
- engraving machine
- engraving-type form duplicating machine
- Erichsen cupping machine
- Erichsen ductility machine
- eroding machine
- erosion machine
- etch machine
- etching machine
- exhibited machine
- expanding machine
- explosive force molding machine
- extended-travel machine
- extension machine
- external angular plunge grinding machine
- external broaching machine
- external cylindrical centerless grinding machine
- external grinding machine
- external honing machine
- extracting machine
- extruding machine
- extrusion machine
- face-grinding machine
- face-milling machine
- facing machine
- facing-and-centering machine
- facsimile machine
- failed machine
- falling weight testing machine
- fastener tapping-and-orienting machine
- fatigue bending machine
- fatigue testing machine for alternating torsion
- fatigue testing machine
- fault detection machine
- fax machine
- feedback machine
- field-tested machine
- file-cutting machine
- file-testing machine
- filing machine
- filing-and-sawing machine
- filling machine
- fine boring machine
- fine countersinking machine
- fine-blanking machine
- finish boring machine
- finishing machine
- finite memory machine
- finite state machine
- first-off machine
- fir-tree broachinng machine
- fir-tree milling machine
- five-side machine
- five-sided machine
- fixed beam machine
- fixed bed milling machine
- fixed bed-type milling machine
- fixed cycle machine
- fixed machine
- fixed post machine
- fixed sequence machine
- fixed weighing machine
- fixed-column machine
- fixed-table machine
- flame-cutting machine
- flame-profiling machine
- flanging machine
- flash butt-welding machine
- flat die thread-rolling machine
- flattening machine
- flexible assembly machine
- flexible machine
- flexible shaft filing machine
- flexible transfer machine
- flexing machine
- floor charging machine
- floor horizontal boring machine
- floor machine
- floor-type horizontal boring machine
- floor-type machine
- floor-type stripper machine
- flotation machine
- Floturn machine
- flowturning machine
- FLS machine
- fluid-actuated machine
- fluid-feed machine
- flute-grinding machine
- flute-milling machine
- fluting machine
- flying cutoff machine
- FM machine
- FMS machine
- FMS-capable machine
- foil butt-seam welding machine
- folding machine
- foot-operated welding machine
- forge rolling machine
- forging machine
- form cutter milling machine
- form-duplicating machine
- form-grinding machine
- forming machine
- form-milling machine
- form-testing machine
- foundry machine
- four-ball machine
- four-pallet machine
- four-roll bending machine
- four-roll forming machine
- four-roll sheet bending machine
- four-strand continuous casting machine
- friction disk sawing machine
- front-loading turning machine
- front-operated turning machine
- full-automatic turret screw machine
- furnace hoisting machine
- furnace-threading machine
- fusion cutting-off machine
- gaging machine
- gag-straightening machine
- galvanizing machine
- gang drilling machine
- gang slitting machine
- ganghead replaceable-type machine
- gangspindle drilling machine
- gang-tooled machine
- gang-type drilling machine
- gantry cutting machine
- gantry-loaded machine
- gantry-type machine
- gantry-type milling machine
- gantry-type plano-milling machine
- gas-cutting machine
- gear cutter grinding machine
- gear fine processing machine
- gear grinding and polishing machine
- gear lapping and polishing machine
- gear machine
- gear profile grinding machine
- gear tooth chamfering machine
- gear tooth grinding machine
- gear tooth inspection machine
- gear tooth rounding machine
- gear-burnishing machine
- gear-chamfering machine
- gear-checking machine
- gear-cutting machine
- gear-deburring machine
- geared head machine
- gear-finishing machine
- gear-grinding machine
- gear-hardening machine
- gear-hobbing machine for spur gears
- gear-hobbing machine
- gear-honing machine
- gear-lapping machine
- gear-making machine
- gear-manufacturing machine
- gear-measuring machine
- gear-milling machine
- gear-polishing machine
- gear-producing machine
- gear-rolling machine
- gear-shaping machine
- gear-shaving machine
- gear-sizing machine
- gear-testing machine
- general-purpose flat surface broaching machine
- general-purpose machine
- generating machine
- gilding machine
- gimbals head rolling machine
- gold rolling machine
- grading machine
- grinder-milling machine
- grinding machine for drill bits
- grinding machine with rotating column
- grinding machine
- grinding-and-lapping machine
- grinding-and-polishing machine
- grooving machine
- G-Tech machine
- Guillotine knife grinding machine for long knives
- Guillotine knife grinding machine
- gun-boring machine
- gun-drill machine
- gun-drilling machine
- gun-rifling machine
- gun-welding machine
- hacksawing machine
- half-NC machine
- hammer impact machine
- hammering machine
- hand-driven cutting machine
- hand-fed machine
- hand-held machine
- hand-load machine
- hand-milling machine
- hand-operated molding machine
- hand-operated press-molding machine
- hand-operated squeezing machine
- hard bearing balancing machine
- hard X-ray machine
- hardening machine
- hardness-testing machine
- hardwired NC machine
- Hazellet continuous strip casting machine
- head-changer machine
- head-changing machine
- heading machine
- headstock moving-type automatic screw machine
- head-to-head machines
- heating machine
- heavy machine
- heavy-duty machine
- heavy-hogging machine
- hexapod machine
- high-accuracy machine
- high-energy-rate forging machine
- high-energy-rate machine
- high-frequency ac welding machine
- high-frequency hardening machine
- highly accurate machine
- highly productive machine
- high-performance machine
- high-precision machine
- high-production machine
- high-productivity machine
- high-specification machine
- high-speed drafting machine
- high-speed machine
- high-speed spindle machine
- high-technology machine
- high-temperature fatigue testing machine
- high-velocity ram machine
- high-volume machine
- hinged roll-over machine
- hitch-feed cut-off machine
- HNC machine
- hob back-off machine
- hob tooth profile grinding machine
- hobbing machine
- hob-grinding machine
- hob-sharpening machine
- hoisting machine
- hole milling-and-reaming machine
- hole-making machine
- hole-punching machine
- hone machine
- honing machine
- honing-and-lapping machine
- horizontal arm measuring machine
- horizontal band machine
- horizontal bar machine
- horizontal boring machine
- horizontal broaching machine
- horizontal casting machine
- horizontal continuous broaching machine
- horizontal continuous drilling machine
- horizontal forging machine
- horizontal indexing machine
- horizontal internal broaching machine
- horizontal machine
- horizontal milling machine
- horizontal plate-bending machine
- horizontal punching machine
- horizontal ram machine
- horizontal shaping machine
- horizontal slotting machine
- horizontal spindle surface grinding machine
- horizontal square T-planer type milling machine
- horizontal-type machine
- horizontal-vertical milling machine
- hose-type sandblast tank machine
- host machine
- hot plate straightening machine
- hot-box core-making machine
- hot-chamber die-casting machine
- hot-heading machine
- hot-metal sawing machine
- hsc machine
- hybrid machine
- hydraulic axis machine
- hydraulic balancing machine
- hydraulic bloom shearing machine
- hydraulic core knockout machine
- hydraulic machine
- hydraulic molding machine
- hydraulic pipe testing machine
- hydraulic riveting machine
- hydraulic shearing machine
- hydraulic squeeze machine
- hydraulically-assisted machine
- hydraulically-driven machine
- hydraulically-powered machine
- hydraulic-assisted machine
- hydraulic-driven machine
- hydraulic-electric machine
- hydraulic-powered machine
- hydro-copying machine
- hydrostatic machine
- hydrostatic-extrusion machine
- imitation machine
- impact machine
- impact pendulum-type testing machine
- impact tension machine
- impact-test machine
- impact-testing machine
- impulse-cutting machine
- impulse-forming machine
- impulsive machine
- inclined tapping machine
- indentation machine
- index machine
- index milling machine
- indexer machine
- indexing chuck machine
- indexing drum milling machine
- indexing head machine
- indexing machine
- indexing turret machine
- induction hardening machine
- induction softening machine
- industrial machine
- informational machine
- ingot stripper machine
- ingot-planing machine
- ingot-scalping machine
- ingot-slicing machine
- injection-molding machine
- in-line machine
- in-line synchronous machine
- in-line transfer machine
- innovative machine
- inspection and measuring machine
- inspection machine
- integrated turning/milling machine
- intelligent machine
- intermittently manned machine
- internal broaching machine
- internal grinding machine
- internal grooving machine
- internal keyseating machine
- internal lapping machine
- internal planetary-type grinding machine
- internal thread grinding machine
- internal-and-external broaching machine
- internal-external inspection machine
- internal-part-transfer vertical broaching machine
- inverted vertical turning machine
- involute profile measuring machine
- ion beam machine
- iron shearing machine
- jar molding machine
- jar ramming machine
- jar ramming roll-over molding machine
- jarring machine
- jig milling machine
- jig-borer-class machine
- jig-boring machine
- jig-drilling machine
- jig-grinding machine
- jigless machine
- job-dedicated machine
- joggling machine
- jointed arm drilling machine
- jolt core-making machine
- jolt molding machine
- jolt pattern-draw molding machine
- jolt roll-over pattern-draw molding machine
- jolt squeeze molding machine
- journal-milling machine
- journal-turning machine
- Kenyon machine
- key machine
- key-and-slot milling machine
- key-bitting machine
- key-cutting machine
- key-duplicating machine
- keyseating and slot milling machine
- keyseating machine
- keyseating milling machine
- keyway-cutting machine
- keyway-milling machine
- keyway-seating machine
- keyway-slotting machine
- kneading machine
- knee-and-column machine
- knee-and-column milling machine
- knee-and-column-type milling machine
- kneeless-type milling machine
- knee-type machine
- knee-type milling machine
- knife-grinding machine
- knitting machine
- knurling machine
- labeling machine
- lamination segments blanking machine
- lapping and polishing machine
- lapping machine
- large-dimensioned machine
- large-scale machine
- large-size machine
- laser beam cutting machine
- laser beam machine
- laser die-sinking machine
- laser etch machine
- laser etching machine
- laser-assisted machine
- laser-controlled machine
- laser-cutting machine
- laser-hardening machine
- laser-scribing machine
- lathe machine
- laying-out machine
- lay-out machine
- lead screw tapping machine
- lead screw testing machine
- leakage-testing machine
- lens-grinding machine
- letter and paper cup machine
- leveling machine
- lever punching machine
- lever testing machine
- leverage proportioned tracing milling machine
- lever-type Brinell machine
- lifting machine
- light machine
- light production machine
- light-duty machine
- lightly manned machine
- light-weight machine
- limited-interference machine
- linear path-controlled machine
- linear station machine
- line-boring machine
- line-controlled machine
- live spindle machine
- lock-seaming machine
- long travel machine
- long-feed cut-off machine
- longitudinal circular cold sawing machine
- longitudinal dividing machine
- longitudinal grinding machine
- longitudinal seam-welding machine
- long-lasting machine
- long-running machine
- long-stroke broaching machine
- long-stroke machine
- long-term strength testing machine
- low-pressure die-casting machine
- machine of compact construction
- machine of dieing design
- machine of the state of the art
- machining machine
- magazine bar feed machine
- magnetic cobbing machine
- magnetic force welding machine
- magnetic forming machine
- maintenance-free machine
- manual machine
- manual-CNC machine
- manual-CNC turning machine
- manually controlled machine
- manually jogged machine
- manually tended machine
- manual-toolchange machine
- manufacturing bed-type milling machine
- manufacturing machine
- manufacturing milling machine
- manufacturing-oriented machine
- manufacturing-type machine
- marking machine
- marking-off machine
- marking-out machine
- mass centering machine
- mass-production machine
- master machine
- match-plate molding machine
- material testing machine
- material-cutting machine
- MDI-controlled machine
- measurement machine
- measuring machine
- mechanical drive machine
- mechanically driven machine
- medium duty machine
- medium travel machine
- mesh-welding machine
- metal slitting machine
- metal testing machine
- metal-cutting machine
- metal-folding machine
- metal-forming machine
- metal-planing machine
- metal-removing machine
- metal-sawing machine
- metal-working machine
- metamorphic machine
- metrology machine
- microcomputer-based NC machine
- microdrilling machine
- microfinishing machine
- micromilling machine
- microscopic drilling machine
- mill/turn machine
- mill-drill-bore machine
- milling cutter grinding machine
- milling machine with table of fixed height and with vertical spindle
- milling machine with table of variable height and with horizontal spindle
- milling machine with table of variable height
- milling machine
- milling/drilling machine
- milling/turning machine
- milling-and-boring machine
- milling-and-centering machine
- minicomputer-controlled machine
- minicoordinate boring machine
- minicoordinate drilling machine
- miter saw machine
- miter-cutting machine
- mitering saw machine
- mixing machine
- mobile gantry-type machine
- mobile weighing machine
- mock-up machine
- model engineers milling machine
- modular industrial machine
- modular machine
- modular-type machine
- molding machine
- mortising machine
- motor-driven welding machine
- movable bridge machine
- movable column machine
- movable saddle machine
- moving bridge machine
- moving column/fixed table machine
- moving machine
- moving table machine
- multiaxis machine
- multidie machine
- multidisciplinary machine
- multidrilling machine
- multifunction machine
- multihead automatic arc-welding machine
- multihead changer machine
- multihead machine
- multihead milling machine
- multiloaded machine
- multioperation machine
- multioperational machine
- multipallet machine
- multiple machines
- multiple secondary-operation machine
- multiple second-operation machine
- multiple-beam flame planing machine
- multiple-blowpipe machine
- multiple-broach broaching machine
- multiple-burner machine
- multiple-diameter grinding machine
- multiple-diameter turning machine
- multiple-head broaching machine
- multiple-head drilling machine
- multiple-operation machine
- multiple-purpose machine
- multiple-roll machine
- multiple-spindle automatic machine
- multiple-spindle bar machine
- multiple-spindle machine
- multiple-spot welding machine
- multiple-station machine
- multiple-station transfer machine
- multiple-table milling machine
- multiple-torch machine
- multiple-transformer machine
- multiple-transformer spot-welding machine
- multiproduct machine
- multipurpose broaching machine
- multipurpose shearing machine
- multireduction wire-drawing machine
- multiroll bar straightening machine
- multiroller machine
- multisensor coordinate machine
- multispecimen testing machine
- multispindle automatic screw machine
- multispindle bar machine
- multispindle head machine
- multispindle head-changing machine
- multispindle screw machine
- multispot machine
- multistation indexing transfer machine
- multistation machine
- multisurface machine
- multitool turning machine
- multiunit drilling machine
- multiuniversal machine
- multiway drilling machine
- nail-making machine
- narrow belt sanding machine
- NC machine
- needle die grinding machine
- needle die polishing machine
- nibbling machine
- nibbling, milling and punching machine
- nipple-threading machine
- No.40-taper-tool machine
- No.50-taper machine
- noncantilevered machine
- nonferrous sawing machine
- non-NC machine
- nonstock machine
- nonsystem machine
- normal accuracy machine
- normal manned NC machine
- notching machine
- numbering machine
- nut-castellating machine
- nut-chamfering machine
- nut-deburring machine
- nut-facing machine
- nut-making machine
- nut-running machine
- nut-setting machine
- nut-shaping machine
- nut-tapping machine
- nut-threading machine
- OD grinding machine
- OD machine
- off-line machine
- offset milling machine
- off-site machine
- oil hydraulic machine
- oil roll machine
- oil-grooving machine
- oiling machine
- omnimil versatile machine
- one-axis machine
- one-head automatic arc-welding machine
- one-hit machine
- one-meter machine
- one-off machine
- one-operator machine
- on-line machine
- open-side milling machine
- open-side planing machine
- open-side plano-milling machine
- open-sided milling machine
- operator-independent machine
- operator-initiated machine
- operator-positionable machine
- operator-programmed machine
- opposed spindle machine
- optical jig boring machine
- optical pattern tracing machine
- optical profile grinding machine
- optical reading machine
- original equipment CNC machine
- orthodox machine
- orthogonally movable machine
- oscillating bandsaw machine
- other machines
- outfacing machine
- outmoded machine
- out-of-alignment machine
- overdesigned machine
- overhead gantry machine
- overhead grinding machine
- overhead recessing machine
- overhead traveling drilling machine
- overwrapping machine
- own-use machine
- oxyacetylene-cutting machine
- oxyfuel burn machine
- packaging machine
- pack-checking machine
- packing machine
- paddle blade-type mixing machine
- paint machine
- pallet pool machine
- pallet shuttle machine
- pallet transfer machine
- pallet-change machine
- palletized machine
- pallet-loading machine
- pallet-type transfer machine
- pantograph-engraving machine
- pantographic engraving machine
- pantograph-type milling machine
- paper-cutting machine
- parting machine
- part-transfer vertical broaching machine
- pattern draw machine
- pattern milling machine
- pattern-controlled machine
- pattern-tracing machine
- PCB machine
- PCB-drilling machine
- PC-equipped machine
- PC-governed machine
- pedal-operated welding machine
- pedal-triggered machine
- pedestal spot-welding machine
- pedestal-drilling machine
- pedestal-grinding machine
- peeling machine
- peening machine
- pendant controlled machine
- pendulum impact testing machine
- percussion-welding machine
- perforating machine
- periodic machine
- physico-chemical machine
- pick-and-place machine
- pickling machine
- piercing machine
- pig casting machine
- pillar-drilling machine
- pilot machine
- pincer spot-welding machine
- pinion-generating machine
- pin-lift molding machine
- pin-making machine
- pin-on-disk wear test machine
- pipe cut-off machine
- pipe-bending machine
- pipe-beveling machine
- pipe-beveling/cutting machine
- pipe-chamfering machine
- pipe-cropping machine
- pipe-crushing machine
- pipe-cutting machine
- pipe-expanding machine
- pipe-facing machine
- pipe-flanging machine
- pipe-flaring machine
- pipe-swabbing machine
- pipe-testing machine
- pipe-threading machine
- pipe-welding machine
- piston contouring machine
- piston ring grinding machine
- piston-turning machine
- pit planing machine
- pit-based broaching machine
- pit-type planing machine
- pivot-head machine
- placing machine
- plain grinding machine
- plain horizontal knee-type milling machine
- plain-way machine
- planer-type boring machine
- planer-type machine
- planer-type milling machine
- planer-type surface grinding machine
- planetary grinding machine
- planetary milling machine
- planetary-type thread milling machine
- planing machine
- planing-and-milling machine
- planomilling machine
- plano-type boring-and-milling machine
- plano-type surface grinding machine
- plasma arc machine
- plasma-cutting machine
- plastics extrusion machine
- plate-bending machine
- plate-cutting machine
- plate-edge beveling machine
- plate-edge planing machine
- plate-fabricating machine
- plate-flanging machine
- plate-flattening machine
- plate-leveling machine
- platen TL machine
- platen-tooled machine
- plate-punching machine
- plate-shearing machine
- plate-straightening machine
- plate-working machine
- platform weighing machine
- plating machine
- plier spot-welding machine
- plugboard/capstan machine
- plugboard-control machine
- plugboard-controlled machine
- plug-ramming machine
- plunge-grinding machine
- plunger core machine
- plunger-type pickling machine
- pneumatic hand machine
- pneumatic machine
- pneumatic molding machine
- pointing machine
- pointing rolling machine
- point-to-point NC machine
- polishing machine
- polygonal turning machine
- polyvalent machine
- portable facing machine
- portable machine
- portable milling machine
- portable valve grinding machine
- portal cutting machine
- portal machine
- portal-frame machine
- portal-type machine
- portal-type plano-milling machine with variable height cross rail
- position control machine
- positive-displacement hydraulic machine
- positive-displacement pneumatic machine
- pot-broach vertical broaching machine
- pot-broaching machine
- powder metal compacting machine
- power machine
- power-driven machine
- power-operated molding machine
- precision boring machine
- precision-controlled machine
- precision-drawing machine
- preparatory NC machine
- preset machine
- presetting machine
- press-molding machine
- press-type machine
- pressure die-casting machine
- press-welding machine
- primary turning machine
- printing machine
- prior art machine
- prior art-type machine
- prismatic coordinate inspection machine
- prismatic machine
- prismatic-type indexing machine
- process machines
- processing machine
- process-specialized machine
- production machine
- product-oriented machine
- profile measurement machine
- profile-cutting machine
- profile-grinding machine
- profile-iron bending machine
- profile-milling machine
- profiler machine
- profiling machine
- profiling milling machine
- program sequence controlled machine
- programmable machine
- programmable-controlled machine
- progressive broach machine
- projection form grinding machine
- projection welding machine
- prototype machine
- proving machine
- pull test machine
- pull-broaching machine
- pull-down broaching machine
- pulling-in machine
- pull-type broaching machine
- pull-type machine
- pull-up broaching machine
- punch machine
- punching and shearing machine
- punching machine
- purpose-built machine
- purpose-designed machine
- push-broaching machine
- push-cut shaping machine
- push-down broaching machine
- push-pull fatigue-testing machine
- push-up broaching machine
- qualifying machine
- quenching machine
- rack milling machine
- rack-and-pinion machine
- rack-and-pinion-operated machine
- radial arm-drilling machine
- radial arm-sawing machine
- radial articulated-arm cutting machine
- radial drilling machine
- radial-and-pillar drilling machine
- radiusing machine
- rail end milling machine
- rail-bending machine
- rail-cambering machine
- rail-drilling machine
- rail-straightening machine
- railway axle grinding machine
- ram impact machine
- ram milling machine
- ram-boring machine
- ram-head milling machine
- ramming molding machine
- ram-type boring and horizontal milling machine
- ram-type EDM machine
- ram-type milling machine
- ram-type tooling machine
- ratio cutting machine
- raw component measuring machine
- reading machine
- reaming machine
- reaming-and-facing machine
- recessing machine
- reciprocating cutoff machine
- reciprocating grinding machine
- reciprocating machine
- reciprocating-die machine
- reciprocating-table surface grinding machine
- recognizing machine
- recoiling machine
- rectifier-type welding machine
- redesigned machine
- reference machine
- refrigerating machine
- regrinding machine
- reinforcing bar bending machine
- reinforcing rod cropping machine
- relieving machine
- remote-control machine
- remote-controlled machine
- renewed machine
- repetitive milling machine
- replaceable gang head machine
- replacement machine
- reproducing pattern milling machine
- research-oriented machine
- resistance welding machine
- resonance-balancing machine
- resonant vibration machine
- resurfacing machine
- retapping machine
- reverse torsion fatigue testing machine
- reverse torsion machine
- rewinding machine
- rifling machine
- rigid production machine
- rigid-bed milling machine
- rigid-capable machine
- rise and fall tank machine
- rising blade machine
- rising table broaching machine
- rivet machine
- riveting machine
- robot machine
- robot-assisted machine
- robot-controlled machine
- robot-fed machine
- robotic machine
- robotically-fed machine
- robot-loaded machine
- robot-operated machine
- rock-crushing machine
- rocker-arm spot-welding machine
- rocker-type pickling machine
- Rockwell hardness machine
- Rockwell hardness-testing machine
- roll machine
- roll sheet bending machine
- roll-bending machine
- roll-end milling machine
- roller finishing machine
- roller profiling machine
- roller section-machinestraightening machine
- roller shape-machinestraightening machine
- roller spot-and-seam welding machine
- roller straightening machine
- roller-stretcher machine
- roll-fluting machine
- roll-forging machine
- roll-forming machine
- roll-grinding machine
- rolling dividing machine
- rolling machine
- rolling-and-bending machine
- rolling-on machine
- rolling-quench machine
- roll-over molding machine
- roll-over pattern-draw machine
- roll-seam welding machine
- roll-straightening machine
- roll-threading machine
- roll-turning machine
- rotary assembly machine
- rotary broaching machine
- rotary compression-type machine
- rotary continuous drum-type milling machine
- rotary continuous milling machine
- rotary dial machine
- rotary dial-index machine
- rotary disk filing machine
- rotary drum broaching machine
- rotary drum fixture milling machine
- rotary flame planing machine
- rotary head machine
- rotary indexing drum machine
- rotary indexing machine
- rotary indexing pallet machine
- rotary indexing table machine
- rotary knife cutting machine
- rotary machine
- rotary milling machine with horizontal workholder
- rotary pallet machine
- rotary planetary machine
- rotary planetary-die machine
- rotary stamping machine
- rotary surface grinding machine
- rotary table machine
- rotary tooled machine
- rotary transfer machine
- rotary welding machine
- rotary-drive machine
- rotary-driven machine
- rotary-table broaching machine
- rotary-table index machine
- rotary-table indexing machine
- rotary-table milling machine
- rotary-table surface grinding machine
- rotary-table transfer machine
- rotary-type milling machine
- rotating machine
- rotating-beam fatigue machine
- rotating-beam fatigue testing machine
- rotation machine
- rotor milling machine
- rotor slot milling machine
- rough boring machine
- rough facing machine
- rough grinding machine
- rough milling machine
- rough turning machine
- roughing machine
- round column drilling machine
- rounding machine
- roundness measuring machine
- routing milling machine
- RP machine
- rundown machine
- running balance indicating machine
- S/R machine
- saddle-type machine
- sample preparation machine
- sampling machine
- sandblast cleaning machine
- sandblast machine with stationary nozzle
- sandblast machine
- sandblast sprocket-table machine
- sand-throwing machine
- saw machine
- saw-brazing machine
- saw-cutting machine
- saw-grinding machine
- sawing machine
- saw-setting machine
- saw-sharpening machine
- saw-toothing machine
- scalping machine
- scissors-type horizontal band machine
- scissors-type horizontal machine
- scrap shearing machine
- scraping machine
- scratchbrush machine
- screening machine
- screw machine
- screw thread grinding machine
- screw thread milling machine
- screw thread rolling machine
- screw thread whirling machine
- screw-cutting machine
- screw-driving machine
- screw-head slotting machine
- screwing machine
- screw-nicking machine
- screw-shaving machine
- scribing machine
- scrubbing machine
- scrubbing-and-drying machine
- sculpturing machine
- seam-welding machine
- secondary machine
- second-operation machine
- section bending machine
- section shearing machine
- section-iron bending machine
- section-iron shearing machine
- section-straightening machine
- section-stretching machine
- segmented transfer machine
- self-controlling machine
- self-correcting machine
- semiautomatic arc welding machine
- semiautomatic gas-cutting machine
- semiautomatic grinding machine
- semiautomatic machine
- semiautomatic welding machine
- semiproduction machine
- sensitive drilling machine
- sensitive tapping machine
- separately excited machine
- sequence-controlled machine
- sequential transfer machines
- series-produced machines
- servo indexer machine
- servo slide machine
- sets-of-parts operated machine
- shaft machine
- shape-cutting machine
- shaper machine
- shape-straightening machine
- shaping machine
- sharpening machine
- shaving cutter grinding machine
- shear machine
- shearing machine
- shear-speed machine
- sheet and plate bending machine
- sheet bending machine
- sheet metal bending machine
- sheet metal cutting machine
- sheet metal folding machine
- sheet metal leveling machine
- sheet metal shearing machine
- sheet metal stamping machine
- sheet metal working machine
- sheet straightening and polishing machine
- sheet working machine
- sheet-leveling machine
- sheet-straightening machine
- shell core blowing machine
- shell molding machine
- ship propeller milling machine
- shock-and-vibration machine
- shockless jolting machine
- shopfloor machine
- shopworn machine
- show machine
- shredding machine for wood wool production
- shredding machine
- side hole drilling machine
- side-milling machine
- side-planing machine
- sieving machine
- simple-to-operate automatic machine
- simple-to-operate machine
- simplex milling machine
- simplex multiple-spindle machine
- simulation machine
- simultaneous 5-axis machine
- single wheel lapping machine
- single-address machine
- single-axis machine
- single-blade sawing machine
- single-end boring machine
- single-end centering and end-facing machine
- single-end machine
- single-end tenoning machine
- single-ended boring machine
- single-ended machine
- single-function machine
- single-gantry machine
- single-head machine
- single-hitb machine
- single-operation transfer machine
- single-piece machine
- single-point cutting-off machine
- single-position metal forming machine
- single-purpose machine
- single-shift machine
- single-shifted machine
- single-slide bed-type machine
- single-spindle machine
- single-station machine
- single-task machine
- single-upright machine
- singlex machine
- sinking machine
- six-axis NC machine
- sizing machine
- skin-milling machine
- skiving machine
- slabbing machine
- slab-milling machine
- slant-carriage machine
- slant-slide machine
- slave machine
- slicing machine
- slideway-grinding machine
- sliding bush machine
- sliding head machine
- sliding head milling machine
- sliding head/fixed spindle machine
- sliding headstock bar machine
- sliding headstock machine
- slinger molding machine
- slitting machine
- slot and keyway milling machine
- slot-drilling machine
- slot-milling machine
- slotting machine
- small capacity machine
- small-chuck machine
- small-envelope machine
- small-footprint machine
- small-parts machine
- smooth planing machine
- snagging grinding machine
- soft bearing balancing machine
- software-controlled machine
- software-oriented machine
- soldering machine
- solid bed-type milling machine
- sorting machine
- spar milling machine
- spark erosion machine
- spark machine
- special design machine
- special unit machine
- special way-type machine
- specialist machine
- specialized machine
- special-purpose machine
- specialty machine
- speed reduction machine
- spherical grinding machine
- spindle turning machine
- spinning machine
- spiral drive planing machine
- spline cold rolling machine
- spline shaft grinding machine
- spline shaft hobbing machine
- spline-broaching machine
- spline-grinding machine
- spline-hobbing machine
- spline-milling machine
- splining machine
- spring end grinding machine
- spring forming machine
- spring manufacturing machine
- spring testing machine
- spring-coiling machine
- spring-making machine
- spring-winding machine
- spur-and-helical grinding machine
- square milling machine
- squeeze core-making machine
- squeeze molding machine
- squeezing machine
- squirrel cage balancing machine
- SR machine
- stack-routing machine
- stamping machine
- standalone machine
- standard configuration machine
- standard design machine
- standard machine
- standard-unit-type machine
- static balancing machine
- station-type machine
- storage retrieval machine
- straight line milling machine
- straightening machine
- strength testing machine
- stress-relieving machine
- stress-rupture testing machine
- stretch straightening machine
- strip leveling machine
- stud thread rolling machine
- studding machine
- subspindle turning machine
- subspindle-equipped turning machine
- subspindle-type machine
- super-accurate machine
- supercharged laser cutting machine
- superfinishing machine for centerless plunge-cut
- superfinishing machine for centerless throughfeed
- superfinishing machine
- surface and profile grinding machine
- surface-broaching machine
- surface-grinding machine with long table
- surface-grinding machine with two columns
- surface-grinding machine
- surface-milling machine
- surface-treatment machine
- swage machine
- swaging machine
- swing frame grinding machine
- Swiss bar machine
- Swiss screw machine
- Swiss sliding headstock machine
- Swiss-style sliding-headstock machine
- Swiss-style sliding-headstock-type machine
- Swiss-type cam automatic screw machine
- Swiss-type machine
- Swiss-type movable headstock automatic screw machine
- Swiss-type stationary headstock automatic screw machine
- swivel head milling machine
- swivel head slotting machine
- synchronous transfer machine
- synchronous-feed machine
- system machine
- system-ready machine
- systems-compatible machine
- tabletop machine
- table-type machine
- table-uo broaching machine
- tabulating machine
- tailored machine
- tandem table machine
- tap flute milling machine
- tap fluting machine
- tap-drill machine
- tape finishing machine
- tape machine
- tape preparation machine
- tape-controlled machine
- tape-handling machine
- taper strip milling machine
- tap-grinding machine
- tapping machine
- tap-sharpening machine
- targeted machine
- teaching machine
- TEM machine
- template-controlled machine
- tenoning machine
- tensile strength testing machine
- tensile testing machine
- tension testing machine
- test machine
- test sieving machine
- testing machine
- texturing machine
- thermal cutting machine
- thermal deburrting machine
- thermally symmetric machine
- thermally symmetrical machine
- thermoelectric machine
- thread chaser grinding machine
- thread-cutting machine
- threaded wheel grinding machine
- thread-generating machine
- thread-grinding machine
- threading machine
- thread-milling machine
- thread-producing machine
- thread-rolling machine with roller and segmented die
- thread-rolling machine
- thread-tapping machine
- thread-turning machine
- thread-whirling machine
- three-axis checking machine
- three-axis digital read-out inspection machine
- three-axis NC machine
- three-axis-controlled machine
- three-dimensional forming machine
- three-dimensional NC machine
- three-dimensional profiling machine
- three-roll bending machine
- three-roll forming machine
- three-roll sheet bending machine
- three-shift machine
- three-shifted machine
- three-way machine
- tiering machine
- tilt frame machine
- tilting body slotting machine
- tilting column machine
- tilting spindle grinding machine
- tilting spindle machine
- time-tested machine
- TL machine
- TNC-milling machine
- tool and diemaker's milling machine
- tool changer machine
- tool presetting and inspection machine
- tool presetting machine
- tool-and-cutter grinding machine
- tool-grinding machine
- toolroom machine
- toolroom-milling machine
- tool-setting machine
- tooth generating machine
- tooth rounding-and-chamfering machine
- top-of-the-line machine
- torsion testing machine
- totally automated machine
- totally enclosed machine
- touch-trigger machine
- T-planer type machine
- tracer controlled machine
- tracer milling machine
- tracer-controlled electrical discharge profiling machine
- tracer-controlled milling machine
- tracer-guided machine
- tracer-guided milling machine
- tracing machine
- transfer-line-ready machine
- transfer-segmented machine
- transfer-type machine
- transport machine
- transverse planing machine
- traveling bar-type boring machine
- traveling bridge-type plano-milling machine
- traveling column machine
- traveling column-type machine
- traveling gantry machine
- traveling head shaping machine
- traveling portal milling machine
- traveling table machine
- traveling table-type machine
- traveling wire electrical discharge machine
- traveling-head boring machine
- traveling-head surface grinding machine
- traverse grinding machine
- traversing head shaping machine
- trimming machine
- trip dog-controlled machine
- triplex milling machine
- trunnion machine
- trunnion-style machine
- trunnion-type machine
- T-slot milling machine
- tube cutoff machine
- tube grinding-and-polishing machine
- tube-bending machine
- tube-boring machine
- tube-chamfering machine
- tube-drawing machine
- tube-enlarging machine
- tube-forming machine
- tube-sawing machine
- tube-straightening machine
- tube-welding machine
- tumbling machine
- turbine shot-blasting machine
- turbine slot milling machine
- turn/mill machine
- turn, bore and cut-off machine
- turn-broaching machine
- turning machine
- turning, milling and boring machine
- turning-and-boring machine
- turn-mill machine
- turn-peeling machine
- turret hole punching machine
- turret machine
- turret press machine
- turret ram milling machine
- turret screw machine
- turret-chucking machine
- turret-drilling machine
- turret-milling machine
- turret-punching machine
- turret-type drilling machine
- twin pallet machine
- twin screw knee-type machine
- twin six-station turret machine
- twin-head machine
- twin-head shaping machine
- twin-opposed spindle turning machine
- twin-overarm milling machine
- twin-spindle machine
- twin-turret machine
- twist drill flute grinding machine
- twist drill fluting machine
- twist drill grinding machine
- twist drill milling machine
- twist drill point grinding machine
- twist test machine
- two-address machine
- two-axis NC machine
- two-axis-controlled machine
- two-dimensional engraving machine
- two-plane balancing machine
- two-roll sheet bending machine
- two-shift machine
- two-shifted machine
- two-tool machine
- two-way broaching machine
- two-way drilling machine
- two-way machine
- tybe-reducing machine
- typical machine
- ultra precision machine
- ultra-high precision machine
- ultra-high speed machine
- ultrasonic cleaning and degreasing machine
- ultrasonic cleaning machine
- ultrasonic copy-piercing machine
- ultrasonic drilling machine
- ultrasonic hole-contouring machine
- undedicated machine
- underdesigned machine
- underutilized machine
- unit construction machine
- unit-built machine
- unit-changeable machine
- unit-type machine
- universal boring machine
- universal cutter and tool grinding machine
- universal head milling machine
- universal horizontal milling machine
- universal knee-type milling machine
- universal milling machine
- universal rotaty table grinding machine
- universal table grinding machine
- universal testing machine
- universal tool and die milling machine
- universal tool milling and boring machine
- universal toolroom milling machine
- universal-spindle machine
- unmanned machine
- unmanned measuring machine
- unmanned turning machine
- upgradable machine
- uprated machine
- upright boring machine
- upright drilling machine
- upright drilling-and-boring machine
- upsetting machine
- used machine
- user-friendly machine
- utrasonic lapping machine
- valve seat lapping machine
- valve seat milling machine
- vehicle-mounted machine
- vending machine
- veneer slicing machine
- versatile machine
- vertical arm measuring machine
- vertical band machine
- vertical band-saw machine
- vertical band-sawing machine
- vertical bed machine
- vertical boring machine
- vertical broaching machine
- vertical chucking machine
- vertical double-ram broaching machine
- vertical double-slide broaching machine
- vertical drilling machine
- vertical machine
- vertical milling machine
- vertical planing machine
- vertical plano-milling machine
- vertical pull-up broaching machine
- vertical push-broaching machine
- vertical ram machine
- vertical slotting machine
- vertical spindle surface-grinding machine
- vertical turning machine
- vertical turning-and-boring machine
- vertical/horizontal machine
- vertically oriented drilling machine
- vertical-type machine
- vibration fatigue testing machine
- vibration machine
- vibratory finishing machine
- vibrofinishing machine
- Vickers hardness machine
- Vickers pyramid hardness machine
- vision-controlled machine
- volume production machine
- walking machine
- wall machine
- washing drying machine
- washing machine
- watch-case making machine
- watch-gear hobbing machine
- watch-gear making machine
- water jet cutting machine
- water-jet machine
- way-type machine
- way-type unit head machine
- weathering machine
- weighing machine
- welding machine
- well-developed machine
- wet-cutting machine
- wet-grinding machine
- wheel turning machine
- whirling machine
- wide belt sending machine
- wire bonding machine
- wire brush deburring machine
- wire coiling and winding machine
- wire cutting-off machine
- wire drawing machine
- wire EDM machine
- wire erosion machine
- wire netting and weaving machine
- wire-cut EDM machine
- wire-cut electrical discharge machine
- wire-cut machine
- wire-cutting machine
- wire-cutting spark erosion machine
- wire-eroding machine
- wire-forming machine
- wire-making machine
- wire-polishing machine
- wire-straightening machine
- woodsawing machine
- woodworking machine
- workpiece moving-type machine
- worm grinding machine
- worm milling machine
- wrist-pin boring machine
- xerox machine
- X-ray machineEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > machine
-
20 method
1) метод; приём; способ2) методика3) технология4) система•- accelerated strength testing method-
benching method-
bullhead well control method-
electrical-surveying method-
electromagnetic surveying method-
long-wire transmitter method-
operational method-
rule of thumb method-
straight flange method of rolling beams-
symbolical method-
tee-test method-
testing method-
triangulation method-
value-iteration method
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